Hazards in High Temperature Work Environment

Hazards in elevated Temperature Work surroundingsProduction environment meteorological conditions affected plant construction, ventilation equipment, cultivate and invest off conditions, etc., while at gritty temperatures or the presence of soaring give vent humidity or inflame beam and other unfavourable weather conditions, end product labor, it may become a high-temperature operation.High temperature sortingHigh temperature, disturb ray of light jobs as between metallurgy, casting, forging, take fire discussion furnace workshop, boiler, etc. These oeuvres high temperatures, high thermal radiation intensity, is dry and furious environment.Hot, humid jobs such as dyeing, reeling, paper, wet deep mine operations, in general due to the large amount of urine vapor generated during return or production process requirements workshop to maintain a high sexual intercourse humidity due.Outdoor spend jobs as summer farm labor, construction, tape transport and other o ut-of-door jobs, mainly due to direct solar radiation and horninessing the ground and surrounding objects form a secondary consequence of the additional foment affected.What are the wellness make of high temperature?High temperatures goat lead to acute affectionateness-induced illness (such as barbed hot, thorny heat and heat scene) and chronic thermally induced disease (chronic heat failure, hypertension, myocardial damage, digestive disorders, skin diseases, tropical lethargy, kidney stones, hot water confrontation failure, etc.).E wellness Education and progression missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and wellness personal effects heat nip 2010715162605.jpg occupational heat crack in high temperature operating environment, due to thermal equilibrium and (or) water-salt metabolism disorders cause by central nervous system and (or) cardiovascular disorders as the main locution of acute illness.What are the clinical manifestations of occupational heat strok e, heat stroke after how this process?Heatstroke melodic phrase After some era working(a)s workplace temperature, dizziness, headache, thirst, sweating, general fatigue, heart palpitations, inability to concentrate, incoordination and other symptoms, the system temperature normal or slightly elevated.Principles Temporarily out of high-temperature field, and be closely observed.Mild heat stroke In addition to the aggravation of the symptoms of heat stroke, the emergence of facial flushing, sweating, rapid pulse, such as performance, torso temperature rises above 38.5 .Principles rapidly from the high-temperature field, to the shade to comfort give a refreshing throw salt and symptomatic treatment.Severe heat stroke cease be divided into heatstroke, heat cramps and heat debilitation III, also stinker have the appearance _or_ semblance mixed.E wellness Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 5604331_993159. jpg heatstroke (including sunstroke), also known as heat stroke, high fever, the body heat in hot environments stop thermoregulatory mechanism disorders caused high mortality rate (20 to 40%). Which is characterized by choppy onset of high temperature environment, the temperature up to 40 , early disease sweating, followed by no sweat, hot and dry skin may be associated with several(predicate) levels of consciousness disorders.Heat cramps due to excessive sweating, body sodium, potassium acquittance caused by excessive. Mainly for the obvious muscle spasm, accompanied by abbreviation pain. Occur in many activities, such as abdominal muscles and limbs, particularly for the gastrocnemius. Often has symmetry. Some generation seizures, some cadences ease. Patients with clear consciousness, body temperature normal.Heat exhaustion is a high temperature, high humidity environment, extend skin squanderer flow is non accompanied by a corresponding increase in splanchnic vasoconstric tion or blood volume, the body washbowl not compensate temporary brain ischemia induced syncope. The main clinical manifestations of dizziness, headache, sweating, thirst, nausea, vomiting, and then clammy skin, blood pressure, heart rhythm disorders, mild dehydration, the body temperature slightly higher or normal. Usually a short cash in ones chips to clear, generally do not cause circulatory failure.E Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke QQ picture 20130701150544.jpg principles rapidly be physical chill and (or) drugs cooling correct water and electrolyte imbalance symptomatic treatment.Stroke patients with incidentally treatment, and tummy be quickly restored without having transferred from the original work.The importance of missionary trainingE Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 201076192404.jpg if workers in high temperat ure environment, the employer is necessary to workplace hazards temperatures timely assessment of the situation, and to develop plan to prevent heat stroke. In addition, the employer shall suffer workers and their exposure to high temperature hazard awareness training competent enough, the kernel should include the following components awareness (1) high temperature hazards, (2) occupational heat stroke prevention, (3) how to recognize heat stroke symptoms, (4) when their stroke symptoms appear or colleagues how to do. think If a worker or colleague can leave a hot environment that is in the early stages of heat stroke occurs, you can effectively avoid aggravating the problem.What measures should be taken to control workplace hazards temperature?E Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 1315212318.jpg technical measures1 rational design of production processes Improved production equipment and method of operat ion is the fundamental measures to improve the working conditions of high temperature operation. Such as steel casting, rolling, casting, enamel and other production automation, allows workers away from heat, while reducing labor intensity. Heat source transcription should meet the following requirements try disposed outside the shop When utilise hot-based natural ventilation, as arranged in the skylight below When victimization drafts based natural ventilation, as arranged in the summer the preponderant wind direction leeward side take on heat insulation measures so easy to use cooling measures work place, you can set partition (plate) between the heat source, so that hot air rises along the wall, through the skylight discharge, in order to avoid mete out throughout the workshop hot finished and semi-finished out of the workshop should be downwind side or stacked.2 Insulation Insulation is an of the essence(predicate) measure to prevent heat radiation, can use water or th ermal conductivity of insulation materials, including large specific heat of water, can effectively absorb radiant heat.E Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 7576382.jpg3 ventilation and cooling through doors and windows, natural ventilation slits have some effect, however the high temperature in this way alone workshop often can not meet the cooling needs, this time can be used to achieve mechanical ventilation cooling purposes.4 temperature and humidity legislation system The air conditioning system can effectively ignore the temperature in the workplace, for the presence of open water tanks, steam valves and other heat sources, can be used dehumidifier system reduces the temperature of the air in the workplace.Health measures1 hot work should be supplemented with the sweat of workers equal amount of water and salt. The salt content of the beverage 0.15% and 0.2% is appropriate. Drinking a few times app ropriate manner. Labor in a hot environment, the energy expenditure increases, so should be appropriate to add the total dietary calories and vitamins.E. Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 414007_066080.jpg2 temperature worker overalls, should heat, thermal conductivity and permeability of level-headed fabric. Prevent radiant heat, available white overalls made of canvas or aluminum foil. Special high-temperature operation of workers, such as thermal facing repair, cleaning and other types of ladle to prevent intense heat radiation effect, are required to wear masks and wearing thermal insulation, fire-retardant, ventilation heat protective clothing, such as spraying metals (copper, silver) insulation masks, aluminum insulated clothing.3 workers exposed to high temperatures should be pre-employment physical examination and the summer before, where in that respect is uncontrolled hypertension, chronic nep hritis, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes, the body above the gelt area 20% (injury standard eight) as well as those who break to the high-temperature operation of epilepsy disease contraindications, should not engage in high-temperature operation. In addition, arrangements must(prenominal) not engage in female workers during pregnancy third level, tail level jobs temperature specified in the job grading standards.E Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 4_110803104730_1.jpg managementAccording to regional climate characteristics, appropriate adjustments to labor and rest in summer high temperature regime. Pergola lounge or seat should be set up away from heat sources as possible, in that location must be adequate cooling facilities and beverages. Large factories can set up special air-conditioning system with the rest of the workers apartment, to ensure workers exposed to high temperatu res during the summer months there is sufficient sleepy eyes and rest. Outdoor summer jobs as well as jobs in workplace temperature can not be controlled below 33 , the employer to the employee shall be paid a periodical allowance temperature.Organizational measures(A) The maximum daily temperatures reach above 39 , the mean solar day should stop outdoor open-air work(B) the daily maximum temperature reached little than 37 to 39 (excluding 39 ), the day outdoors outdoor working hours shall not more than six hours, 1200 to 1600 outdoors outdoor work should be suspended(C) the daily maximum temperature reaches above 35 to below 37 (excluding 37 ), the employer shall take the holiday shift, etc., to shorten the time of continuous operation, and shall arrange outdoor open-air job workers to work overtime.(D) shall not cause pregnant women and juvenile workers in the workplace more than 35 hot weather and outdoor work in temperatures above 33 .Emergency Health CheckFor the hot se ason there have heatstroke aura job workers, or exposure to high temperatures due to the accident or occupational exposure may lead to heat stroke populations (including corporation accident rescue personnel), when asked whether headache, dizziness, chest tightness, palpitations, sweating , fever, little or no urine and other symptoms, and observe the condition of consciousness. Physical examination should focalisation on checking temperature, blood pressure, pulse and nervous system, and carry out blood, urine, blood serum electrolytes and renal function and other laboratory tests.Diagnosis apply occupational heat strokeWhen the diagnosis of occupational institution for occupational heat stroke diagnostic materials need to be prepared include(A) trial impression of render of health damage, such as occupational health inspection results(B) separate to prove labor relations, such as labor contracts, work permits, the employer proofID card copy (three) require diagnosis workers(D ) Other evidence as occupational history, history of exposure to high temperatures and weather conditions at work, workplace temperature detection and evaluation information.

Foreign Exchange Risk Management Analysis

every(prenominal) overseas Ex kind Risk Management AnalysisChapter 1IntroductionThis chapter go disclose introduce the reader to the subject at hired hand and why the chosen seek ara is of concern and relevance for notwithstanding development. Finally, the chapter includes a problem give-and-take, which in tress ends up in the investigate purpose of the thesis.1.1 Background of the StudyThe deepening of globalization process has guide to an increase in contrary veer deeds in internationalistic financial marts. This has determined a high unpredictability of mass meeting tramps, and, implicitly, an counterchange magnitude hostile deepen encounter. There ar many types of trys, unless save few of them laughingstock bring expirati superstars as large as strange modify bump of picture show. In these conditions, the development of in the raw modern and strong systems for managing unlike replacement bump becomes a great necessity for the players i n international financial activity. contrary shift danger superintendment is pivotal for companies frequently trading in the international market. Empirical inquiry shows that get of multinational companies argon affected by volatile floating opposed re-sentencing wanders. Nevertheless, small fast(a)s trading exclusively on their domestic markets similarly become increasingly exposed to abroad gold fluctuations. Actually, small firms bet on the volatility of the main currencies beca expend many of them out-source their production to opposed countries. This inwardness that they incur costs in a contradictory coin (wages, tax incomees, material, etc.) and they in addition need to reign this picture show. Other small firms are exposed indirectly given that their strategic bearing washstand be affected by volatile FX evaluate.By definition, all entrepreneurial activities incur chances, and coping with insecurity has therefore perpetually been an important neckrial blend in. In recent geezerhood, however, lay on the line management has received increasing attention in two embodied practice and the literature. This is specificly true for the management of financial risks, i.e. the management of outside(prenominal) substitute risk, amour rate risk and early(a) financial market risks. A major motive for this is the development of markets for derivative financial operators. forrad cartels, risings, commutenatives, alternates and opposite, more than complex financial instruments today allow firms to transfer risks to other stintingal agents who are break able, or more willing, to bear them.In 1971, the Bretton Woods system of administering throttleed remote switch over rates was abolished in favour of market-determination of foreign exchange rates a regime of displace exchange rates was introduced. Besides market-determined fluctuations, there was a lot of volatility in other markets around the world owing to incre ase pretentiousness and the oil shock. Corporates struggled to cope with the uncertainty in profits, hard cash flows and future costs. It was indeed that financial derivatives foreign funds, inte equalizer rate, and commodity derivatives emerged as means of managing risks cladding mints. The interest in the potential vulnerability of multinational firms to foreign exchange rate risk is heightened by the wide capital fluctuations experienced during the last(a) few decades and this issue has engendered a considerable amount of look (Muller, A., Verschoor, W.F.C. 2006).In India, exchange rates were deregulated and were allowed to be determined by markets in 1993. The frugal liberalization of the early nineties facilitated the introduction of derivatives bastardlyd on interest rates and foreign exchange. However derivative use is still a highly regulated area due to the partial convertibility of the rupee. Currently onwards, swaps and options are available in India and the use of foreign coin derivatives is permitted for diprow purposes and (Giddy et.al. 1992).1.2 Problem StatementTransaction moving picture to foreign exchange risk results from the effect of (unanticipated) changes in the spot exchange rate on the base notes place of foreign currency cash flows (contractual feedables and receivables). financial misrepresentrow of transaction vulnerability is implemented by taking an opposite position (to the spot position) on a currency derivate (such(prenominal) as send ons, futures and options) or by use m iodiney market hedgerow.In or so cases, however, financial hedging may not be possible or it may be too expensive. For example, precedings, futures, and options may not be available for some currencies or for broad maturities, and it may not be possible to obtain character reference lines in certain currencies (which precludes money market hedging). This observation is particularly valid for countries where financial markets ar e rudimentary.If a firm facing (transaction) exposure to foreign exchange risk gutternot indulge in financial hedging, it may safety to the operational hedging techniques of risk sharing and currency collars, which can be implemented by using customised hedge contracts embedded in the underlie make out contracts. Under a risk sharing arrangement, the benefits accruing to one party of a transaction as a result of a sanitary-to-do change in the exchange rate (which is necessarily an unfavourable change for the other party) are shared by the two parties. A currency collar, on the other hand, is apply to set a minimum valuate for the base currency value of cash flows at the expense of telescope a maximal value. Thus, it bear upons a trade-off in the midst of potential qualifying and potential gain.The unpredictability of forex market may erode or crimson crush out the profit molding built into an international sale at the time the sale was carried out, when make doing o n terms of weeks and even months. remote exchange rate keeps on fluctuating and they depend upon the market forces of charter and supply (Platt, G. 2007). hedge refers to managing risk to an extent that makes it bearable. In international trade and dealings foreign exchange play an important role. Fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate can adopt significant impact on headache decisions and outcomes. Many international trade and business dealings are shelved or become unworthy due to significant exchange rate risk embedded in them. Histori strainy, the foremost instrument used for exchange rate risk management is the in the lead contract. Forward contracts are customized curbments betwixt two parties to fix the exchange rate for a future transaction. This impartial arrangement would easily eliminate exchange rate risk, only it has some shortcomings, particularly getting a counter party who would agree to fix the future rate for the amount and time period in interrogatory may not be easy. In India many businesses are not even aware that some lodges do provide forward rate arrangements as a service to their customers. By entering into a forward rate agreement with a bank, the businessman simply transfers the risk to the bank, which will now have to bear this risk. Of course the bank in turn may have to do some kind of arrangement to manage this risk. Forward contracts are somewhat less familiar, probably because there exists no formal trading facilities, building or even regulating body.1.3 seek Objectives and QuestionsThere is a need to identify, quantify, and evaluate a firms risk exposure and to choose appropriate procurement strategies. The general objective of this study is to combine procurement and marketing decisions into a single hedging model, considering risk factors typi confaby faced by firms in the textiles and garment industry. There are several(prenominal)(prenominal) reasons to explain why foreign risk management has gained in popu larity over the last decades. The most important reason lies in the increased volatility of exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity harms, causing firms cash flows to become more uncertain.Secondly, firms tend to focus more on their core business, which makes them less diversified. As a consequence, the volatility of firms cash flows may increase. A third reason for the ontogeny importance of foreign risk management can be found in the globalization of business activities, in which competition has increased and profit margins have declined. A final explanation we offer is the growing number of opportunities to manage risks. Based on the problem discussion our research objectives are formulated as followsTo review and critically analyse the practices take by the Indian exporters to hedge the forex risk.To evaluate the impact of foreign exchange risk on exporters and exports of a country like IndiaTo critically cache the issues faced by the Indian exporters in hedging foreig n exchange risk.Based on the above tell research objectives the following research questions have been developedRQ 1 How the export party determines foreign exchange risk?RQ 2 Which level the association can actively manage foreign exchange risk?RQ 3 How it can hedge the forex risk?RQ 4 What techniques are preferred by partnership in its forex risk management?1.4 Relevance of ResearchCurrently there is a scarcity of research papers about currency exposure management in companies in emerging markets. Theoretical studies like that of Copeland and Copeland (1999) are usually back up by the findings from developed countries (the USA, Canada, the UK). Therefore, the application of such studies might be modify in developing markets. Researchers that analyze the foreign exposure management in companies practically use large samples and questionnaires to evaluate the derivate use, and are successful in describing countries with hearty-developed markets.For emerging markets like Ind ia such quantitative approaches are extremely rare. most often the situation with currency exposure management and application of derivatives by non-financial institutions is reflected in the newspapers. Yet, these articles are not donnish papers and serve provided as verbal descriptions of the situation. Therefore, this study will be distinctive in several areas. First, it concentrates on India and will contribute to the increase in the number of donnish studies about emerging markets.Second, it will contribute to the business community , as it will analyze the application of derivatives by exporting companies for hedging currency exposure and reveal the causes higher or lower popularity of derivatives. Third, it will reach the theoretical model which was developed based on the practice in developed countries, and test if the results from model application match the experiential findings in reliableity in India.1.5 Outline of the StudyThis dissertation consists of five chapte rs (see stick out 1.1). In chapter one, a relative broad description is given in the beginning, providing the reader with a background and discussion of issues related to the problem area. This discussion lands in a specific research problem, which has been broken down into research questions. Chapter two gives a presentation of theories relevant for the research problem. Continuously, a description and justification of the methodological approaches chosen in this thesis is given in Chapter triad. In chapter quaternary the received empirical data is presented and contains an analysis of the stash away data against the possible action. Finally, conclusions and implications are presented in chapter five.Literature ReviewThis chapter reviews the literature theory of foreign exchange risk management include the concepts of foreign exchange risks, its characteristics by diverse types, and hedge theory of foreign exchange risks.2.1 Foreign exchange riskWhenever a company is running overseas business, the company is exposed to different categories of risk including commercial risk, financial risk, country risk and foreign exchange risk (Oxelheim 1984).Country RiskForeign qualify RiskFinancial RiskCommercial Risk physical bodyure2.1 The company risk writer Oxelheim 1984, p14Foreign exchange risk is comm hardly defined as the additional variability experienced by a multinational corporation in its worldwide consolidated earnings that results from un anticipate currency fluctuations. It is generally understood that this considerable earnings variability can be eliminated-partially or fully-at a cost, the cost of Foreign Exchange Risk Management. (Jacques, 1981). According to Shapiro (2006), foreign exchange rate exposure can be defined as a measure of the potential changes in a firms profitability, net cash flow and market value because of a change in exchange rates.2.2 The existing classifications of foreign exchange risksIn the recent literature of foreign e xchange exposure management, the types of exposures are usually summarized and simplified into three categories, translation, transaction, and economic ( Cowdell, 1993 Girnblatt and Titamn, 1998 Eitman et. al.,1998 and Shapiro, 2006). It is conventionally stated that the exposure to currency risk is categorized into three factors seen below in rule 2.2.Figure 2.2 Types of currency risk exposureSource Eun et al.,2007Transaction filmThe transaction exposure concept concentrates on contractual commitments which involve the actual conversion of currencies. A firms transaction exposure thus consists of its foreign currency accounts receivables and payables, its longer-term foreign currency investments and debt, as sound as those of its foreign currency cash positions which are to be change into other currencies. Until these positions are settled, their home currency value may be impaired by unfavorable parity changes.There exist four possibilities by which transaction exposure may a rise (Eiteman 2007)When worths are stated in foreign currencies and the firm decides to purchase or sell goods or services.When borrowing or lending funds while contractual agreements on repayment are to be make in a foreign currency.When becoming a party to an unimplemented foreign exchange forward contract.When subject liabilities or acquiring assets which are denominated in foreign currencies.The total transaction exposure consists of quotation exposure, backlog exposure and billing exposure, see figure 2.3Figure 2.3 The life span of a transaction exposureSource Eiteman et al., 20072.2.2 Economic ExposureThe economic exposure, also called the operating exposure, measures any change in the present value of a company resulting from changes in future operating cash flows caused by unexpected changes in currency exchange rates. The analysis of economic exposure assesses the result of changing exchange rates on a companys own operations over coming months and years and on its comp etitive position in comparison with other companies.By measuring the effects on future cash flows related to economic exposure, the goal is to identify strategic moves or operating techniques that a company might wish to adopt in order to enhance its value in the face of unexpected exchange rate changes (Eiteman et al., 2007).Loderer and Pichler (2002) assert that firms often manage economic exposure by lending and borrowing in foreign currencies. He cites the following reasons for not hedging economic exposure firms are unable to measure the coat and the currency of future expected cash flows with much confidence, firms already hedge transaction exposure, firms consider that in the long term currency fluctuations offset each others. Surprisingly, the cost of hedging economic exposure is not an obstacle.2.2.3 Translation exposureBy consolidating its financial statements, a parent company with foreign operations must hand over the assets and liabilities of its foreign subsidiaries, which are stated in a foreign currency, into the reporting currency of the parent firm. Basically, foreign subsidiaries must restate their local currency into the main reporting currency so the foreign values can be added to the parents reporting currency denominated isotropy sheet and income statement. The translation is usually used for measuring a subsidiarys performance(McInnes, 1971), providing accurate information for decision makers and investors (Ross, 1992 Bartov, 1995), and for both(prenominal) internal and external users (Sercu and Uppal, 1995). The common reason for translation from a foreign currency into the home currency is to meet the requirements of accounting regularizations of home countries. remote Hedging MethodsAs it is shown, the exposure to currency risk may involve current business transactions, future business transactions as well as financial statement translations. However, as there are factors or risk, so are there strategies for dealing with them. For companies, there are a number of external methods to use for the management of currency risk, namely the use of financial derivatives.The name derivative arises from the fact that the value of these instruments is derived from an underlying asset like a stock or a currency. By using these instruments it is possible to reduce the risks associated with the management of corporate cash flow, a method known as hedging.Financial market hedging instruments include (Butler, 2004)Fig 2.4 External Hedging Techniques2.3.1 Foreign Exchange ForwardsA foreign exchange forward is an agreement to buy or sell one currency at a certain future date for a certain price with a specific amount. It is the most common instrument used to hedge currency risk. The predetermined exchange rate is the forward exchange rate. The amount of the transaction, the transaction date, and the exchange rate are all determined in advance where the exchange rate is fixed on the day of the contract but the actual exchan ge takes place on a pre-determined date in the future. In major currencies, forward contracts can be available daily with maturities of up to 30, 90 or clxxx days (Bodie Marcus 2008).A survey by Belk and Glaum (1990) indicates that the most common method used to hedge exchange rate risk is the forward contract. An empirical study of Pramborg (2002), also demonstrates that firms can be fully hedged with forward contracts.2.3.2 bills FuturesIn principle, a futures contract can be logical for any product or commodity, including financial instruments and currencies. A currency futures contract is a commitment to deliver a specific amount of a specified currency at a specified date for an agree price incorporated in the contract. The futures perform a similar function to a forward contract, but it has some major differences.Fig 2.5 notes FuturesThe specific characteristics of currency futures include (Pike et.al., 1992)They are marketable instruments traded on organized futures mar kets.Futures can be completed (liquidated) before the contracted date, whereas a forward contract has to run to maturity.They are relatively inflexible, being available for only a limited range of currencies and for standardized maturity dates.The dealings chance in standard lot sizes, or contracts.They require a down-payment of margin of about 5 percent of the contract value, whereas forward contracts involve a single payment at maturity.Futures are usually cheaper than send contracts, requiring a small commission payment rather than a buy / sell spread. slacken 2.1 provides a clearer summary of the major differences between forward and futures contracts. sidestep 2.1 Major Differences between Forward and Futures hugsForward pin downsFutures ContractsCustomized contracts in terms of size and language datesStandardized contracts in terms of size and delivery dates underground contracts between two partiesStandardized contracts between a customer and a clearing houseDifficult to reverse a contractContract may be freely traded on the marketProfit and loss on a position is realized only on the delivery dateAll contracts are marked to market- the profit and loss are realized immediately.No hard-core collateral, but standard bank consanguinity necessaryCollateral (margins) must be maintained to reflect price movementsDelivery or final cash liquidation usually takes place.Contract is usually closed out prior toMaturitySource hull (2006), Moffett et al (2006) and Solnik and McLeavey (2004).2.3.3 Currency optionsA foreign exchange option which is different from currency forward contracts and currency futures is to give the holder of the contract the refine to buy or sell a certain amount of a certain currency at a predetermined price (also called consume or exercise price) until or on a specified date, but he is not obliged to do so. The seller of a currency option has obligation to perform the contract. The right to buy is a call the right to sell, a put.Th ere is option premium needed to pay by those who obtain such a right. The holder of a call option can benefit from a price increases (profit is the difference between the market price and the strike price plus the premium), while can choose not to excise when the price decreases (locked in loss of the option premium).Vice versa is for the holder of a put option. For the advantages of simplicity, flexibility, lower cost than the forward, and the predicted maximum losswhich is the premium, the currency option has become increasing popular as a hedging devise to protect firms against the exchange movements. Whenever there is uncertainty in the size of cash flows and the timing of cash flows, currency option contracts would be superior to traditional hedging instruments such as forward contracts and futures contracts. allow and Marshall (1997) examined the extent of derivative use and the reasons for their use by carried out surveys in 250 large UK companies, found that a widespread us e of both forwards and options(respectively 96% and 59%). The pointed that comparing to the primary reasons for the use of forwards were company policy, commercial reasons and risk aversion, a good understanding of instrument, and price were prominent while the primary reasons to use option for company management.2.3.4 Currency SwapsCurrency swaps are a hedging instrument for which two parties agree to swap a debt denominated in one currency for that in another(prenominal) currency. For example, an agreement between two firms to swap their debts of which one is denominated in Euro and that in US dollar (Leger and Fortin, 1994).In order to explain the use of currency of swaps, a Japanese firm that has exports to Australia is given as an example. The Japanese firm wants to protect its Australian-dollar receivables by using currency swap to match inflows in one currency with outflows in a foreign currency (natural hedging). expect the Japanese firm is not well recognized in the US fin ancial markets, it may obtain funds from a domestic bank to swap with another firm that has dollar-denominated debt. This process is carried out by the swap dealers (usually banks) as an intermediary.The common objective of this type of transaction is that firms want to alter various future currency cash flows in its schedules into a particular currency for which its future revenues will be generated (Eiteman et.al 1998). The preference of particular currency is caused by several factors, such as, capital market segmentation, differences in regulation governing investment by institutional investors and asymmetry in the tax treatment of interest income and capital gains/losses (Jacque 1996).Although there are other types of swaps involving foreign currencies, such as, foreign currency forward swaps, plain vanilla, and a three-way back-to-back currency swap, they are designated primarily for hedging interest rate exposure.2.4 Internal hedging methodsFor the reason that external hedgin g techniques with derivatives to manage foreign exchange exposure are often costly, many multinational firms would rather turn to consider using internal hedging devices such as Michael (2006)Currency matching, which involves pairing suitably a multinational firms foreign currency inflows and outflows with respect to amount and timingCurrency netting, which involves the consolidated settlement of receivables, payables and debt among the subsidiaries of a multinational firmInvoicing in domestic currency, which reduces transaction risk primarily related to exports and imports.2.5 Fundamental Philosophy behind HedgingWe have presented that authors embrace hedging as insurance, and hedging as a value-enhancing tool. We debate the common view of hedging can be summarized as followsHedging is one of the three most fundamental reasons for the existence of the financial market, on base speculative and arbitrage activities (Jttner, 2000).The hedging industry is evolving just like the rest of the business world. In fact, there is no definite set of tools or technique that can define hedging. As the world changes, new hedging mechanisms are derived and as time passes, these mechanisms are refined and evolve into something new that can be better applied to the contemporary commercial securities industry (Batten et al, 1993 Faff and Chan, 1998 Alster, 2003).Hedging is not a way of making money, but to dish up management in better managing corporate revenue through cut the corporate exposure to volatility in the foreign currency markets (Nguyen and Faff, 2002, 2003a Anac and Gozen, 2003 Alster, 2003 De Roon et al., 2003 and Dinwoodie and Morris 2003).When used prudently, hedging can be effective insurance as well as a value-enhancing exercise for corporations. Effective hedging programs have been be to allow corporations to minimize or transfer their foreign currency exposure. The corrupted exposure to foreign currency fluctuations allows more stable and predictable cash-flows, notably in terms of revenue. As a result, firms are then able-bodied of making more comprehensive financial plans, including more reliable estimations on tax, income after tax and dividends payable to shareholders. It is believed that a dividend payout is often of significant good luck charm to long-term, current or prospective shareholders (Nguyen and Faff, 2002, 2003b Alster, 2003 Anac and Gozen, 2003 De Roon et al., 2003 and Dinwoodie and Morris, 2003).The three main questions surrounding hedging when, what and how to hedge are shown in Figure 2.2 below as a decision tree.How to manipulate?Hedge Ratio10%50% degree Celsius%ORAny Ratio between 0.1%-99.9%What to Hedge?When to Hedge?Financial ToolsForwardFuturesOptionsSwapHedgeUnder Currency RiskExposureNon-Financial ToolsLeadingLaggingFully participating market movementsNo HedgeFig 2.7 Generic Hedging Decision TreeThe question to hedge or not to hedge is a complex and controversial one in financial risk management. Na tural hedges carry no explicit out of pocket cost and intrinsically form a better offset to economic exposures and so generally are preferred to artificial hedges. Synthetic hedging can be likened to insurance, where the company incurs an explicit cost to reduce the risk or volatility inherent in its business results. The cost must be weighed against the risk-reducing benefits of the transactions, taking into account their precision and effectiveness. The real drivers of any hedging decision are 1) what is the risk tolerance of the company and 2) what cost is acceptable for entering into transactions to reduce or eliminate the risk.Foreign currency-denominated activities engaged by Indian ExportersExpected payments of foreign exchange from tradeExpected receipts of foreign exchange from tradeLiabilitiesAssetsDebtDebt fair-mindedness take in trade foreign exchange exposure (before derivates)Net balance sheet foreign exchange exposure (before derivatives)Foreign exchange DerivativesN et foreign exchange exposure (after derivatives)Fig 2.8 Decision to Hedge Foreign Currency ExposuresSome managers feel strongly that hedging either should always be done or never done, and their approaches vary tremendously. Indeed, there is an academic perspective that hedging is never appropriate since risks like FX exposure set up diversifiable risks from the shareholder perspective, and thus, the cost is wasted effort for shareholders. Some managers share this view, but most multinational businesses of significant size engage in some financial hedging transactions. Major arguments for and against hedging are displayed in Table 2.2Table 2.2 Theoretical Arguments on HedgingForAgainstManaging earnings volatility for FX risk can reduce a firms potential cost of financial distress. palatopharyngoplasty and CIP imply compensating levels of FX rates and prices.Firms in financial distress face higher contracting costs with customers, suppliers, and employees.FX rates even out over time .Firms that hedge and reduce their earnings volatility pay less taxes over the long run if tax rates increase the income levels.With transactions costs, hedging is a losing bet on average.Managing FX risk and smoothing earnings volatility has a positive effect on stock price and shareholder value.Shareholders can shine their own portfolios to compensate for FX risk.

The History Of Hostel Management Systems

The History Of Hostel guidance outlinesINTI International University (IIU) is an learning intro that has been rapidly improving for the past few years. As the fast change magnitude schoolchild numbers, in that respectfore, to accommodate part of the pupils orbiting in the institution, the INTI International University has had to take a crap up more hostels in the campus.INTI International University, Nilai campus got 16 H in alls of Residence named later on great men who have contributed to the well-being of mankind. All these hostels at have be manage by the fitting line. Internet connection, Wi-Fi, Resident Fellow, security, facilities and convenient stores ar some of the facilities provided for the convenient of the schoolchilds. Coin-operated washing machines and dryers be as well available in every hall of residents. The INTI hostels have provided m either types of path such as Single, Twin-sharing, Single with air-con and Twin with air-con. (New INTI, 2009 )As is well known, the fostering institutions are rapidly increasing for the past few years. Therefore, it leads to mush liveing of hostels for the residence of the students who study in these institutions. As the world keep changing with the fast authentic information dodge and information technology, there is a adopt for the education institutions to apply the information arranging and information technology in their day by day work to improve the work flows and reduce workloads. Hence, there is governing body appears in managing hostels to stay off the line of work when do it manually. clay of rules DevelopmentThe modification top executive in INTI International University currently uses the remains which is called Hostel Management dodging (HMS). This agreement is software that is being developed to financial aid routiners who work in accommodation office in managing various kinds of activities in the hostels. Hostel Management dodging (HMS) is one of the staf fs of the Total Campus Management System (TCMS). Unlike the Integrated depository library Management Utility (ILMU), HMS is just a module. ILMU is a unique governing body that management the whole library which is same as the TCMS. TCMS is comprehensive workflow management systems that integrate and manage all key function of work progress. It increases the productivity with real time conversation between the front office, administrators, and management. It lie in reporting, accounting, financing, examination grade, etc.Hostel ModuleHostel management module has features of efficiently and effectively managing the entire residential facility in the institute. It has trim down the staff paper works and improved workflows. This hostel module leave alone keep the modifyd records of students, lodging, enthrall mode and other facilities.Hostel Management System (HMS) is a system which helps in managing various activities in the hostel. According to female child Azlinda Binti Al ias (Officer Accommodation Office), the previous system use in INTI is called agency Master. The older systems (Room Master) only perform three single functions for the hostel. That is check-out, report and arriere pensee. It didnt help the staff very much in the hostel. Many works that as well need to do manually by the staff. It required more competency and strain of manual labor needed. For example, the staffs need to go to the finance office to get the list of students who enroll for the semester in order to do the check-in for them. It is because of lacking of selective information-sharing and availability between finance office and accommodation office. In the previous system, staffs in accommodation office need to record all kind of transactions and processes manually which involves more man power. There are many paper works and duplicate task in data entry. It is difficult to compensate and store the data. Besides, there is besides difficult to update the data while t here is always got students bear on in and move out every semester. With the help of computerized information system, it plenty reduce the forgiving errors.With the new system, it brings many conveniences to the staff. Thus, it has improving their efficiency and productivity in works. As the mention in above, Hostel Management System (HMS) is a sub module of the Total Campus Management System (TCMS). TCMS has improved communication and data-sharing between the departments in a collaborative environment. There is a unite between HMS and TCMS which enable the staff in Accommodation office bathroom find the information needed from the finance office. Yet, TCMS alike control the access to data and information based on user roles which means that there is a control over information each user can view or turn out. Staffs do not need like onward do their work manually. Hostel Management System has helped the accommodation office in saving the human resource as compared to the prev ious system (Room Master). All the edited information or updated information entrust translate in the HMS immediately. HMS has provides the best service to the accommodation office in managing quotidian workflows.Through the implementation of Hostel Management System, it has replacing manual system where it able the staff to complete the work more efficient and effectively. The system has helped in managing any problem occurring within the hostel accommodation and avoiding any problem when keying in the detail manually.Therefore, through the usage of this system, they can soft manage the room details, student records, room vacancy details, mess broadside calculation, mess expenditure, allocation of room and hostel attendances. Besides, repetition can be easily avoided. It also has reduced that data re crucifydancy and any inequality of data.The accommodation office uses Hostel Management System to key in all the details of the students who are staying in the hostels. This syste m is mainly used to do room bookings, check in and check out of the students and also the salary for the accommodation. Reports in regard to the room allocation, room availability, student transfer and evacuation are provided too.System FunctionsHostel Management System (HMS) has several(prenominal) functions which enable the staffs from accommodation office such as allocate students to the diverse hostels, reserve the room for the students, control status of rental payment and edit the details of the students modify the student records.Allocating students to the hostelsThe officers must check the details in an application form of the students and verify it from database to match the application of students. Therefore, when the students are suitable then they are allocated to the hostel. The officers go away also allocate the room gibe the requirements of the students as there are different types of rooms are available.Vacating the roomAs the students have completed their cour se In INTI, they will be graduated and vacant their rooms. When the students vacant their room, the officer needs to check whether the room facilities have missing or broken down. If all facilities are completed, accommodation office will return the deposits to the students. Thus, the officers in accommodation office will have to remove the ill-tempered student details and records from the student database. This is to interpret there will not be the problem exists when the existing residents records accord with previous residents.Control status of rental paymentEvery student who stays in the hostel has to make a rental payment every semester. The rental payment varies by the types of room available. As the students who need to book the rooms every semester, they need to pass up a form and get the billhook from the accommodation office. The officers need to key in details of the students as well as type of room that the student indispensability, the system will eventually know h ow much the students has to pay for that particular semester for their chosen room. Lastly, the officer needs to process it and print out the invoice for the students to make their payments at the Finance Office. There is a link between the system of Finance Office and Hostel Management System. Besides, officers are also able to check any outstanding payments which have not been make by the students through the processing of the system.Editing the details of the student and modifying the students recordsAs there are new students move into the hostels, they need to register themselves as a residents of the hostels. The officers need to key in the details of the new students who want to move in into the database. Therefore, the officers have to edit the details of the students and modify the student records to ensure the data is updated.Besides, this system also enable staffs of accommodation office to check whether the student have done their room booking or rental payments, it can a lso check whether if the students are staying in the hostels or not, and it can retrieve records of where the students have stayed before. sustenanceMaintenance of the Hostel Management System (HMS) will only do when the system facing the problem. The systems no need to have a check annually or quarterly. Maintenance always involve system enhancements or corresponding to problems that faced by staffs of accommodation office in the systems operation. According to the officer of the Accommodation office, Azlinda Binti Alias, she says the system is not facing any serious problem until now.Regardless to the update, the system will have update when the Hostel Management System (HMS) doesnt brook the requirement of the Total Campus Management System (TCMS). In this point, Information System Office (INSO) Information Technology Centre (INTC) which is from the INTI International University departments will handle this update. The staff of the Accommodation office only is the end user of t he system. They dun know about the technical problem of the system. The entire problem will pass to INSO INTC to handle.Problem that Hostel Management System(HMS) HavingThere is a problem that Hostel Management System (HMS) is having. From the interview, we know that when the Total Campus Management System (TCMS) is giving a huge amount of staff is using, HMS will be affected. Example like, when the TCMS is jamming because of many people is using its, HMS cant consecrate or received the information from the TCMS. The staffs have to wait the TCMS recover only they can do their works.Future Plan and RecommendationFuture computer programme of the Accommodation office is to create an E-service for the residents of the hostel. The E-services will provide residents an on-line booking room functions. Residents do not need like before do their room booking manually. But due to some problem they are considering, the panning is still waiting to approve. The problem they are considering hav e many, one of them is they are considering that now a day residents computer skill is very good. They conclusion a good security for the E-services to provide the system will be hack by the residents.

Analysing The Impact Of Terrorism On Kenya Tourism Essay

Analysing The Impact Of act of act of terrorist act On Kenya touring carry EssayThe U.S. Department of State defines terrorism as premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, ordinarily intended to influence an audience. Likewise, as terrorism against holidaymakers often involves international citizens, international terrorism is defined as terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than(prenominal) than one coun analyze.WHY DO TERRORISTS TARGET KENYA?Geographic location, poverty and top-heavy neighbours are approximately(prenominal) key elements that have contributed to past terrorist attacks faced by Kenya.Kenyas unique geographic location acts as a passageway from the set East and South Asia to East Africa and beyond. Therefore, Kenya had to cater for the many activities that would right away make up because of this pathway so an wide seaport was constructed as well as dickens international airdromes, one in Mombassa and one in capital of Kenya along with rail, road and communication infrastructure. With these additions, travel and entry into and around Kenya is instead easy and usually obscure due to its penetrable marchs coupled with its surround neighbours and unmonitored coastline. In particular, the Arabs in Kenya that occupy the coastal areas are closely colligate to the Arabs in the Middle East as they both share a common religion and language. This has made it quite convenient for terrorist to blend into the community.For these reasons, Kenya is a preferred choice for terrorist to strike.DISCUSSION ON TERRORISMS IMPACT ON THE cordial reception TOURISM INDUSTRY IN KENYA (25 MARKS)Tourism, one of the foundation blocks of Kenyas economy, constitutes 25% of the porcine Domestic Product (GDP) and has been adversely affected by the repercussions of terrorism.Firstly, the influx of tourer to Kenya terminate be estimated to over 500,0 00 visitors each year. Europe and the United States of the States (USA) represent Kenyas traveller generating region with 70% of the market being Europeans (Switzerland, Italy, Belgium France and Britain written report for the bulk of holidaymakers). In addition, visitors come from Japan, Asia, Scandinavia, and other African countries.USA, Germany, Great Britain and some other countries, upon receiving the news about the terrorist attacks on Kenyas US Embassy in Nairobi, without delay issued travel advisories to their citizens and imposed travel bans to refrain travel to Kenya as it was deemed unsafe. Moreover, the extensive media coverage of the attacks particularly focused on Kenyas vulnerability to terrorism staidly tarnished its image. These responses lead to a declination in travel to Kenya and some near countries as travelers feared the spillover of the terrorist attacks. For example, tourism clientelees were terribly affected by the travel warnings. Tourism brought in US $500 million in annual tax income and was losing at least $1 million everyday due to the decline in tourism. ( ) Consequently, Kenyas tourism industry was paralyzed.Kenya suffered a decrease in tourist arrivals. This had a ripple effect on all sectors of the industry. The cancellation of leisure trips and business conferences were rapidly on the set up. Kenyas reputation plummeted and this lead to the issue of its competitive value. Kenya was no longer an option to be considered for vacation or investment. Tourism catered to the usance of 500, 000 Kenyans ranging from tour operators, tour guides, travel agencies, safari driver, dancers, hoteliers, restaurateurs, small business operators to airport and airline personnel. Subsequently, there was a significant subjoin in unemployment as many Kenyans alienated their jobs. Employees that were still employed sure salary cuts. For instance, at the Carnivore restaurant all of the 330 staff had their salaries reduced, including Du nford the chairman (National Geographic 2010).The bombing of the US Embassy had a massive impact on Kenyas infrastructure. The Embassy was stationed at the crossroads of two streets in Nairobi, adjacent to the Ufundi Building and the Co op Bank Building. The explosion destroy these ternary buildings and other buildings and amenities inside a two to three block radius.( ) The rubble consisted of broken glass from windows, window frames, furniture and fixtures, concrete block walls, cars, buses, electric poles, street lights and the list goes on. The transportation sector within Kenya suffered major setbacks as the streets were seriously damaged and likewise vehicles. Additional problems surfaced as resources (medical) were delayed as it was difficult to get in and around Nairobi. devil was restricted to rescue and emergency personnel. Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, was known for its many tourist attractions but these business operations declined as a result of the bombing. With t he loss of power and telecommunication, tour operators, travel agencies and hotels were unable to update their websites or advance with potential visitors who would usually book their reservations, tours or tickets online.Another hindrance to Kenyas tourism industry in light of the terrorist attacks is the slump in foreign take aim investment (FDI). Investors were inclined to nullify their FDI in Kenya due to some of the shocks matte by the terrorist attack such(prenominal) as the direct destruction of infrastructure, the train of operating follows due to an increasing need of gage measures, and the rise of recruiting costs due to missing incentives to work in terrorism abandoned regions. ( ). This further contributed to the loss of revenue specifically for tourism development initiatives.An authorised issue on the agenda of Kenyas giving medication to combat terrorism is now the introduction of more security. The notion about safety is not confined to the citizens of Ke nya alone but is extended to the tourist as well. For this purpose, government consumption had to be diverted from mathematical productive investment designed to promote growth, deracinate poverty and sustain tourism development. ( ) Expenditure on high tech security equipment such as surveillance cameras, metal detectors and screening machines had to be implemented as strategies to counteract terrorism.Kenyas financial costs continued to increase in subsequentlymath of the terrorist attack as more funding was necessitate for the cleanup, restoration and reconstruction of the infrastructure, buildings and other amenities destroyed in the claxon including tourists facilities. As an illustration,Similarly, another expense incurred is that of extensive advertising to attract more and new tourists to Kenya. This strategy was employed to portray Kenya as a in one case again safe positioning and to neutralize the negative media economic aid received after the bombing.Apart from the above mentioned negative effects of terrorism on Kenyas tourism industry, some positive effects were identified. With the decrease in tourist arrivals to Kenya, domestic tourism was being promoted. Locals provided a portion of revenue indispensable to sustain some tourism businesses. Likewise, a new must keep an eye on tourist attraction was developed. The August 7th Memorial Park was constructed on the site where the US Embassy was once situated. This archives was built to commemorate the lives that were lost and represents a tribute to the courage of the several thousand others who have had to lintel with permanent injury and/or the loss of loved ones. It is a place where people come to reflect, remember and relax. ( )With regard to the Kenyas transit route region, terrorism is no exception. The airline industry was also hit hard after the terrorist attack on the US Embassy.Cancellation of flightsMerging of airlines to surviveClosure of some airlinesJob cutsLoss of revenue Increase security surveillance canvas ships no longer include Kenya on their routeIncrease cost of ticket to visit field with terrorismDISCUSSION ON KENYAS answer TO IMPACT OF TERRORISM (20 MARKS)There is a need for the development of an anti-terrorism order in Kenya following the 1998 bombing of the US Embassy in Kenya the government accept that there were no adequate measures in place to deal with such acts and therefore the need to develop and implement legislation to deal with terrorism was essential. According to Kenyas Counter Terrorism committee, the Government on two occasion made attempts to implement such laws with the Suppression of Terrorism Bill in 2003 and the Anti-Terrorism Bill in 2006 respectively. However, both bills failed to be introduced to parliament. (Google 2010)There is also a need for revamped oversight policies to be set in place for Kenyas border line and costal security control. (Google 2010) also stated that the need for heightened security is vita l in these areas, for example the border between Kenya and Somalia poses a outstanding threat to Kenyan nationals and tourist due to fact that Somalia has been without a government of over sixteen years and is known to be politically unstable. This can be done by putting measures in place such as heightened security checks for persons entering Kenya through Somalia, denial of entry for louche entrants and denial to unnecessary travelers especially during the peak tourist seasons. Proper action of security in these areas may allow tourists to feel safer and therefore increase overall tourist visits to Kenya.The tourism board of Kenya could try to mitigate some of the negative impacts of the past terrorism attacks on the uncouth by recreating a new image for the destination. Though terrorism would in the long run have a devastating impact on any country being affected, displace Kenya in the mentalitys of tourists and other tourists destination by counsel on the positives kind of than the negative aspects of terrorism can aid in the affect of touching forward. An example of this is the use of the US Embassy bombing as a memorial site where locals and tourists can visit.There needs to be a crisis management portfolio that distinguishes terrorism from other forms of crisis. It should also outline in detail the measures that should be implemented before and after such a crisis. Then the portfolio should dish up in painting a clear and clutter free process that should be followed after an act of terrorism to facilitate a seasonably recovery for Kenyas image. Because terrorism has so severely tarnished the image of Kenyas tourism product it is very crucial that only specified and highly qualified individuals should manoeuver the public and medias issues. Therefore, the portfolio will also outline all individuals that should be knobbed in this process with clearly defined roles and objectives.The tourism board of Kenya could try to mitigate some of the n egative impacts of the past terrorism attacks on the country by creating a new image for the destination. Though terrorism would ultimately have a devastating impact on any country being affected, repositioning Kenya in the minds of tourists and other tourists destination by focusing on the positives rather than the negative aspects of terrorism can aid in the process of moving forward. An example of this is the use of the US Embassy bombing as a memorial site where locals and tourists can visit. With repositioning in mind the tourism board can also shift some of their attention to local tourist by packaging their offerings in such a way that would be attractive to the local population.

Factors Affecting The Anodizing Of An Aluminum Metal

Factors Affecting The Anodizing Of An Aluminum surfaceAnodizing is a p lower-ranking for producing decorative and protective films on articles made from atomic number 13 and its alloys. It is essentially a bear on where a thick film of atomic number 13 oxide is built up on the appear of the atomic number 13 through the put on of a direct authoritative galvanizing supply. In the majority of anodizing plants in New Zealand it is carried away in an electrolyte lav stomaching sulfuric acid with aluminium sheet cathodes and the work to be anodized attached to the anode (Figure 1).When the real is flowing in the cell the following rank of even upts is believed to occur. sulfuric acid begins to decompose, the total fondness ions moving to the cathode where they jotic payoff 18 reduced to hydrogen feature2H+ + 2e- H2(g) (1)Simultaneously, vetoly supercharged anions, i.e. hydroxide, sulphate and maybe oxide ions move to the anode. The electrical charge in the set causes unequivocally charged aluminium ions (Al3+) to be generated in the anode and in turn move toward the cathode. At the anode surface they respond with the oxide/hydroxide ions to form aluminum oxide (in the case of the hydroxide ion, hydrogen ions argon released into the solution).There be two subjects of ions involved in any Electrolyte. The replys contri only whene place and Anions and Cations ar formed and transferred to the opposite ends of an Electrolyte. Anions are tyrannically charged ions and Cations are negatively charged ions in an electrolyte.In chemistry, an electrolyte is any agency containing free ions that firebrand the substance electrically conductive. The al closely typical electrolyte is an ionic solution, only if jettyten electrolytes and upstanding electrolytes are also possible. Ion is a section which is electrically charged either positive or negative an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained angiotensin converting enzyme o r more electrons.An ion is an atom or molecule where the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a internet positive or negative charge. An anode is an electrode through which electric on-going flows into a polarized electrical device. A cathode is an electrode through which electric flowing flows out of a polarized electrical device.Anodizing is a method of electrolytic passing to increase the oppressiveness of the natural oxide class of the surface of various admixture dowrys. This litigate is called anodizing because the part which to be inured forms an anode electrode of the electrical circuit. Anodizing mainly increases erosion resistance and provides br distributively bond for paint primers and glues than bare surface. Anodizing is even used to prevent scratchy of threaded divisions and to make dielectric films for electrolytic capacitors. Anodic films are or so communally applied to protect aluminum alloys, although but tes also exist for titanium, zinc, magnesium, niobium, and tantalum. This surgery is not a useful word for iron or hundred steel because these admixtures exfoliate when oxidized i.e. the iron oxide, flakes off, constantly exposing the underlying admixturelic element to corrosion.Anodizing changes the texture of surface and also changes the crystal structure of the metal pricy the surface. Thick destinations are normally porous, so a shut process is often needed to achieve corrosion resistance. Anodized aluminum surfaces, for example, are starker than aluminum but earn low to moderate wear resistance that foot be improved with increasing thickness or by applying fitted sealing substances.Equations of the anode reactionsAl Al3+ + 3e- (2)2Al3+ + 3O2- Al2O3 (3)2Al3+ + 3OH- Al2O3 + 3H+ (4)For which the overall process is2Al + 3H2O Al2O3 + 6H+ + 6e- (5)The convert ions also act upon rough part as the oxide coating contains 12 15% sulfate ions. It is suggested that the sulfate ions facilitate the movement of hydrogen ions reducing the cell potentialitys required.THE suppuration OF THE ALUMINIUM OXIDE LAYERFresh aluminum reacts readily with oxygen to conjure aluminum oxide. one time formed the oxide resides firmly bonded to the surface forming an clayey class. Consequently, further reaction ceases. The film is genuinely thin (0.01m), and despite its continuity it atomic number 50 be removed by abrasion and chemic corrosion. In such(prenominal)(prenominal) instances the aluminum is subject to wear or the surface lead mark or become pitted at the site of corrosion.Anodizing hits much(prenominal) thicker coatings (12 25 m) which, if properly sealed, jackpot extend the life of the surface appreciably. young research in New Zealand has manifestn that pitting of the surface open fire be reduced by up to 90% with a 12 m coating, and by up to 93% with a 25 m coating.In the initial stages (i.e. first 60 s) of anodizing the oxide storey f ormed is dense and of even consistency. It provides the outstandingest resistance to wear and corrosion and consequently is called the barricade socio-economic class. The suppuration of this spirit level ceases when the high electrical resistance of the oxide reduces the potential of the applied voltage in the electrolytic cell. The depth of the coating at this stage is most 0.08m. Subsequent growth is very slow and competes with the acid reactionAl2O3 + 6H+ _ 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2Owhich releases Al3+ ions into the solution. neb that the H+ nominate be at high concentration estimable the oxide socio-economic class collect to cardinal of the anode reactions above. See equation (5).At low applied voltages only the barrier grade forms. However, the gradual production of Al3+ ions tends to fine-tune out the underlying metal surface and give a brightening set up to the article. Objects such as wheel trims and bumper bars are general treated in this way. At higher voltages the gr owth of the work continues beyond the barrier stage. Unlike the initial barrier layer this secondary layer, although constitutionally the alike(p), has an return pore-like structure a consequence of the competing anodizing and acid solution processes. Electron photomicrographs communicate the structure of these anodized surfaces to be as shown in Figure 2.The conditions required to dumbfound coatings vary according to the concentration and nature of the electrolyte, the voltage actual assiduousness applied, the alloy being anodized and the temperature of the bath. In the majority of electrolytic plants articles are anodized at a potential of 15 20 V and a live density around 1.6 A d-1 m-2 the electrolyte is 3.5 mol L-1 sulfuric acid hold at temperatures between 20 and 23oC. Under these conditions the quality of the coating is suitable for most applications. At higher electrolyte concentrations and temperatures, and at lower voltages or ongoing densities, the acid solut ion process occurs earlier in the development producing thin, break oxide coatings. Conversely, hard dense coatings are leavend at low temperatures and high current densities. The conditions established in each plant are determined by the type of application.PRE-TREATMENTStep 1 CleaningCorrect and adequate clean of the aluminum object prior to anodizing is essential if the finised work is to experience a uniform and attractive appearance. When aluminum arrives from the rolling, casting or gibbosity mills it may be soiled following wayscarbonic deposits from the surface of forgings and die castingsTraces of oil- d easilyingd lubricantsTraces of polishing compounds or sanding gritsOxide films from heat treatmentCleaning these soils from the surface may prove difficult, especially if the requirements of the work do not allow print of the surface. Most cleansing solutions used in New Zealand operations are detergent based. In addition to the detergent, a wetting agent and a com plexion compound may be used. The complexion compound frequently used is atomic number 11 polyphosphate a component of more soap formulations which prevents ions, such as Fe3+, adhering to the surface of the work. If etch is not a problem, atomic number 11 hydroxide or sodium carbonates (Na2CO3 / NaHCO3) may be added to increase the in force(p)ness of the solution.Step 2 EtchingEtching is most often achieved by the use of a impregnable, 10 % (2.5 mol L-1) sodium hydroxide solution. It gives the surface of the metal a light color in satin finish (through diffuse reflection of the incident light). The vast majority of work is pretreated in this way. In theory the reactions occurring in the etching solution areThe etching reaction2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 4H2 (7)Dissolution of the aluminatesNaAlO2 + H2O NaOH + Al (OH)3 (8)Dehydration of the solid hydroxide2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2OThe rate of etching is dependent on the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution, the tem perature and the concentration of aluminum ions which are released into the solution. When high concentrations of aluminum ions are act the solution loses its effectiveness. Presence of antithetical ions, some of which may be a component in the alloy, can also interfere in the process, do blemishes to appear on the surface of the work.The problem of ion contamination is overcome by employing etching solutions which suppress the action of the Al3+ and different metal ions released. The compositions of these solutions are the correctitude of the companies that develop them, but generally contain sequestering agents which complex metal ions. such solutions do not have an infinite capacity to do this but, due to the carryover of solution by the etched work and periodic replacement by fresh etch solution, the etching batch is maintained in an effective condition (Figure 3).Foaming agents are also a constituent of the etching solution their action is to reduce the pungent mists/fum es that allow from the prompt reactions that occur. It is important to note that the appearance of the end result is determined at this stage. Work which is poorly etched go forth reveal scratches or blemishes no matter how well it is anodized or colored.POST TREATMENTAfter cleaning and anodizing the work is colored and sealed. As all anodized work is sealed, sealing go away be considered first, although if coloring is to be done it is carried out prior to sealing. sealSealing is the process in which the pores at the surface of the oxide layer are closed off. It is affected by placing the anodized object in boiling wet for a 15 20 minute period. During that time the water reacts with the aluminum oxide to germinate the mineral Boehmite Al2O3.H2O or AlO.OHAl2O3 + H2O 2AlO.OHBoehmite is a hard, transparent square with a greater volume than the aluminum oxide. As it forms it closes off the openings of the pores.As would be expected, the dur superpower of the anodized surface , especially in regard to chemical corrosion, is greatly influenced by the effectiveness of the sealing. If the duration of the sealing is too short the pores, although constricted, remain open for corrosion agents to be inclose proximity to the aluminum surface. Corrosion studies have shown that anodized aluminum which has been sealed for 15 minutes or more has greatly increased resistance to pitting by chemical corrosion agents such as H+ and Cl-.ColouringColouring involves the assimilation of a coloured blotstuff into the pores of the oxide coating which becomes fixed afterward the sealing process has been completed. Dyestuffs which can bond to the oxide or metal ions in the anodized layer have better colour properties than those that do not.Electrolytic colouring is the most important method of colouring anodised aluminum today. It produces attractive finishes of very great colour and heat fastness and is easy to perform. The anodized work is parryped in a tank containing co loured ions of other metals.Under the influence of jump current the colouring agents deposit rapidly at the very base of the pores and the take is even over the entire surface. Unlike the process of sully absorption, electrolytic colouring is easy to control and gives uniformity of colour from one run to the next. The success of this technique is evident in the widespread use of bronze colored aluminum in joinery and house fittings. more or slight 66% of all bronze tinted aluminum is coloured by this technique.To a much lesser extent coloured inorganic compounds can be used to colour the work. Ammonium ferric oxalate is a very common compound used to impart a goldy colour to the metal. Other colours can be impacted by treating the absorbed ferric ammonium ion oxalate with other compounds for example, potassium ferrocyanide solution give react with the ferrioxalate compound to produce a blue colour. The technique used is to dip the work first off in a solution of the ammoniu m ferrioxalate followed by dipping the work in the potassium ferrocyanide solution. This double dipping technique can be used with other compounds to produce a variety of colours e.g. copper sulfate followed by ammonium sulfide gives green, and lead nitrate followed by potassium chromate gives yellow. prove on Anodizing of aluminumMethod onward the demonstrationLine the wrong of the sides of the 1 dm3 beaker with a double thickness of aluminum foil. Fill the beaker with sulfuric acid. This should be at somewhat 25 C discipline the temperature if necessary. go down up the electrical circuit shown in the figure. Make up the dye solution according to the instructions supplied (i.e. brush aside the contents of the tin in about 600 cm3 of water) and add a few cm3 of glacial ethanoic acid.The demonstrationDe-grease the aluminum level by rubbing with a tissue soaked in dimethyl ketone and and then dip the slick into a beaker full of propanone for short time and allowing drying. Fr om now on, hold the aluminum by the circus tent few cm only.Dip the bottom half of the aluminum take aparts into the sodium hydroxide solution in a beaker. expire it until it begins to effervesce, indicating that the surface layer of oxide has been removed. (This impart take about one minute.) Now remove the strip and dip the cleaned portion of it into the nitric acid for a few seconds to pine away the alkali. Then rinse away the acid with water. Clamp the strip so that the lower, cleaned, section is immersed in the sulfuric acid electrolyte and is in the centre of the piston chamber of aluminum foil which forms the cathode. It must not touch the cathode.Complete the circuit with crocodile clips making the aluminum strip positive and the foil negative. Now ad that the power pack and variable resistor so that current flows which give a current density of 10 -20 mA cm-2 of anode field of honor immersed. For example if the anode has an area of 3 cm x 3 cm immersed, the area bequ eath be 3 x 3 x 2 cm2 = 18 cm2 so the current should be between 180 and 360 mA (0.18 and 0.36 A). blank out to electrolyze for about 30 minutes, keeping an eye on the current and adjusting the rheostat if necessary to keep its value constant. (The current may tend to free fall as the oxide layer thickens.)When the electrolysis is complete, switch off the power and remove the aluminum strip. Rinse the strip in water. It exit not look very different at this stage. Now dip the strip into about two hundred cm3 of the dye solution in a beaker. Make sure that some of the non-anodized part of the strip is immersed as well as the treated section.Leave for about 15 minutes longer immersion will produce a deeper colour. Some of those who trialed this demonstration left the strip in the dye overnight. Rinse to remove any dye which has not been absorbed. Dye will only be absorbed by the anodized section, which will turn a deep cherry red. If desired, seal the dye by immersing the dyed strip for a few minutes in water that is already boiling. This will make the colour less prone to rubbing off, but will wash out some of it. Many teachers may prefer to vault this procedure.Visual tipsLarge demonstration meters will be easy to see. bulky connecting leads are useful to prevent the electrolysis tank becoming lost in a maze of wires. education tipsIt would be wise to prepare something to receive in the half hour of electrolysis time and the 15 minutes colour time. The class could be asked to calculate the expected increase in peck of the anode or to discuss the chemical reactions involved. Have a selection of anodised objects such as saucepan lids available for the class to look at. The demonstration (No. 18) of the reactivity of aluminium without its normal oxide layer could be shown. Some teachers may prefer to anodise some aluminium before the lesson to have some pieces ready to show the class. systemUntreated aluminium has a layer of oxide about 10-8 m thick. This explains its apparent lack of reactivity. Anodising, invented in 1923, is used commercially to thicken this layer to 10-5 m to improve the metals corrosion resistance.The relevant equations areCleaningAl2O3(s) + 2OH-(aq) + 3H2O(l) 2Al(OH)4-(aq)Once the oxide is removed2Al(s) + 2OH-(aq) + 6H2O(l) 2Al(OH)4 + 3H2(g)Electrolysis at the anode2Al(s) + 3H2O(l) Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq) + 6e-Electrolysis at the cathode6H+ (aq) + 6e- 3H2(g)Electrolysis overall2Al(s) + 3H2O(l) Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)The oxide coating develops a positive charge by the reactionAl2O3(s) + H2O(l) Al2O3H+(s) + OH-(aq).Thus it attracts dyes that contain coloured anions. These are absorbed in oxide layer which have pores, where they are trapped by oestrus the oxide to form an Al2O3.H2O seal.ExtensionsThere are a great many variables in this prove such as electrolysis time, voltage, current density, concentration of electrolyte, temperature of electrolyte, temperature of dyebath and type of dye. Investigations of some of these could form raise projects. It is possible to measure the gain in fold of the anode by rinsing the aluminium strip with propanone and slowness it today before and immediately after electrolysis.The Different of Anodizing And Electro coatElectroplating is a technique to plate some metal or non metal with metal use electric current. While anodizing is plate metal like aluminum by inserting some substance under the oxidized layer of aluminum by victimisation of electric current force. The function and the effect of both process may the same, like have color surface so that can use as decorative purposes.Not all metal can use anodizing process but only indisputable metal can use this method to make continue to corrosion effect. Aluminum metal can be treated by anodizing because after electric current process make the aluminium have oxidized layer on the surface and this layer can have wide pore so that other chemicals like dye or prevented agent to be impregnated to draw in th is oxidized layer. After plastered substance enter into this oxidized layer then by certain method the pore can be closed by further process. Actually by using just electric current will create anodized layer, but the problem this layer have no colour and look bad, to make this more interesting then on anodizing process using colour agent and inserted downstairs the anodized layer.Electroplating is directly plate other metal into certain metal with the culture to make more interesting or make more endure to corrosion or from other outside effect. Like on hard chrome plating on screw driver, can make this surface hard and not easy to break if not plate by hard chrome. By plate plating on other metal will make the surface is endure from reaction effect because nickel more noble than the metal below the nickel surface. Nickel plating usually use in canning process, or use in decorative accessories. Electroplating rely on the plate stick strong, more strong certain plating metal st ick to the base metal is better.ElectroplatingElectroplating is plating to certain metal with other metal that is usually more durable from corrosion or stronger than original metal. The process itself use of electrochemical by which metal is deposited on the origin metal through the chemical bath.Usually using electrode pole that is connected to the negative and the other to the positive pole. Electrode on the negative pole is called as anode and electrode that connected to positive charge is called as cathode. Metal on the solution form will turn to positive ion and on the electrochemical process this ion will attract to negative electrode or to anode and will plate anode. So metal that will be plated is placed on the anode position.Electroplating is done in a plating bath which is usually a non-metallic tank like plastic or glass. The tank is filled by metal solution, which the metal pattern will plate the anode. The anode is substrate to be plated which is connected to the nega tive terminal of the power supply.As we apply current, positive metal ions from the solution move towards anode with negative charge and deposit on anode. As a replenishment of these deposit ions, the metal from cathode will dissolve and goes into the solution and make the ionic potential balance.In the case using of noble metal like gold as cathode it is not sacrificial, but it is made out of materials which do not dissolve in an electrolyte such as titanium.Electrochemical TheoryActually electroplating is based on the Faradays Laws that kingdom as followsThe weight of a substance formed at an electrode is comparative to the amount of current passed through the cell. The weights of different substances produced at an electrode by the same amount of current are proportional to their equivalent weights.Corresponding mass in an oxidation-reduction reaction is = molar weight of the compound / algebraical change in oxidation number of the atom that is oxidized or reduced.2 FeCl2 + Cl2 2 FeCl3Fe valence is change on the reaction from +2 to +3. However on the reaction willMn + FeSO4 Fe + MnSO4Chrome PlatingChrome plating is a part of coating technology that use of electroplating process. Electroplating process itself can use many kind of metal like chrom, copper, nickel, silver or gold. The process of all metal is similar, that is use of DC electric current and using of metal solution. exclusively the differences of all the process generally on the solution uses, concentration uses, current flow, temperature limitation, plating time and many other limitation that difference of each metal coating.Chromium plating is also different among the result purposes from the current flow, chromium concentration and other chemical additive that is use on each of chromium plating kind. The chromium plating such as hard chrome, dull chrom, black chrome and bright chrome. Every result goal needs different parameter uses that must be followed in order to get the result as the process goal. So chromium plating process needs strict control on the bath concentration, equipment precision and on the method uses. Any small substance contain on chromium bath can result a different kind of product.Anodizing aluminumThis is an try out showing interesting application of electrolysis. The oxide layer on aluminum foil is made thicker by anodizing which improves the metals corrosion resistance. In the process, the thickened oxide surface coating is coloured by using dyes.Lesson governmentThis works well as a class demonstration, but there are several tasks to complete in preparation. The anodising process itself takes about 30-40 minutes, with vigor particularly dramatic happening, so you will need to plan other activities to fill the time.At the start of the experiment, show the students the effervescence due to the hydrogen evolved from the cylindrical aluminum cathode. A flexi camera connected to a projector could be used here.During the anodizing phase, the t heory could be explained with an emphasis on the applications of the process. A ingathering of anodized objects such as saucepan lids or sports equipment could be available to look at.A well-disciplined and organised class might be able to carry out this process for themselves (in twos or threes), but it is strongly recommended that the treatment with sodium hydroxide solution (Corrosive) prior to the electrolysis is carried out under strict supervision.Apparatus and chemicals tenderness protection,Low-voltage DC power pack, adjustable up to 10 volts, Connecting leads and 4 crocodile clips study clips, plastic Test-tube holder, woodwinden, Paper tissues Strip of wood, 15 cm long swayer (30 cm), Beaker (1 dm3),Beakers (250 cm3), 3Aluminum foil, virtually 40 cm x 15 cm, congou tearing dye (Toxic) Ethanol (Highly flammable, Harmful) Sulfuric acid approximately 2 mol dm-3 (Corrosive), 1 dm3, sodium hydroxide, approximately 1.5 mol dm-3 (Corrosive), 250 cm3. Propanone (acetone) (H ighly flammable, Irritant)Technical notesCongo cherry dye (Toxic). Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 32. Ethanol (Highly flammable, Harmful). Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 40 (2007 40A) Sulfuric acid approximately 2 mol dm-3 (Corrosive). Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 98 (2007 98A Sodium hydroxide, approximately 1.5 mol dm-3 (Corrosive). Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 91.Propanone (acetone) (Highly flammable, Irritant).1 Reasonably thick aluminium foil should be used, but, if unavailable, ordinary kitchen foil works quite well.2 Propanone is needed to degrease the aluminium foil and it is worth keeping a bottle specifically for this purpose. The used propanone can be poured patronize into the bottle and kept for future use. This reduces waste disposal requirements.3 The solid Congo Red dye needs to be made up into solution. Use 0.5 g of dye, 50 cm3 of ethanol and 50 cm3 of water and warm to dissolve. Dylon bleak fabric dye (Camilla A 16) also gives good results. Red fountain-pen ink can be used as an alte rnative but does not give such good results.4 Instead of a power pack, a battery or series of batteries could be used. subroutineHEALTH SAFETY Eye protection must be worn.Before the demonstrationa) Cut two pieces of aluminum foil, one 10 cm x 3 cm (the anode), the other about 30-35 cm x 12 cm (the cathode). Ensure that when the foil is folded into a cylinder it fits inside the beaker as shown below.Anodising aluminiumb) Work in a fume press and ensure that there are no flames close by. Work on a clean surface. Degrease the two pieces of foil by rubbing well with a paper tissue soaked in propanone and then dip the strips into a beaker of propanone for a few seconds.c) Remove the strips of aluminum from the propanone and allow drying. From this point on, only hold the aluminum foils at the top borderlines.d) Arrange the larger piece of aluminum into a cylinder. guarantee it in position with plastic paper clips and then place inside the large beaker as shown in the diagram.e) Set up the strip of wood on the beaker and use Bluetak to attach two crocodile clips, one at the edge and one in the centre. Attach the outer clip to the aluminum cylinder. This is the cathode.f) bombard some of the cold sodium hydroxide solution (Corrosive) into a 250 cm3 beaker. arrest the smaller piece of aluminum foil with a wooden test-tube holder, and dip it into the sodium hydroxide solution. After a short while, hydrogen gas will be given off rapidly. Remove the strip after a few seconds of fizzing, and wash it in a stream of cold running water.g) Attach the aluminum strip to the central crocodile clip ensuring that it is place vertically (see diagram). This central strip (the anode) must not touch the aluminum cylinder.h) Carefully fill the beaker with the sulfuric acid from a measuring cylinder up to a level about 1 cm below the top of the aluminum cylinder.SAFETY Remember that hydrogen (Highly flammable) will be evolved during the electrolysis. Keep all naked flames well a way from the experiment (e.g. when heating the dye solution).Demonstrationa) Connect up the circuit and use a voltage of 5-10 volt. Electrolysis is occurring when bubbling can be seen at the cathode (hydrogen). Pass a current for about 20 minutes, or longer, if time permits.b) While the electrolysis is running, heat the dye solution in a beaker to about 70C. An electric hotplate is preferable to a Bunsen burner. An additional beaker of boiling water will also be needed.c) Remove the central aluminum strip (the anode) and place it in the hot dye solution. Stir and leave for about 10-15 minutes.d) Transfer the aluminum anode to a beaker of boiling water and leave for other 10 minutes. This seals the dye onto the anodized surface of the aluminum and makes the aluminum oxide layer less porous.e) The upper non-anodized portion of the strip should be the original metallic grey colour whilst the rest should be coloured red. The aluminum strip can be dried in paper tissue and passed round the class. It should not be possible to rub off the dye off the surface.Teaching notesThe demonstration itselfThe instructions may seem very detailed, but companionship shows that success depends on getting the conditions just right. You should try out the experiment before carrying it out as a demonstration. It would be useful to have some sample strips of anodized aluminium to pass round.The voltage will spew during the experiment, since the anode is becoming increasingly coated with aluminium oxide. If a rheostat and voltmeter are used, the readings can be constantly monitored and adjustments made to keep the voltage approximately constant.A longer immersion in the dye will produce a strip with a deeper red colour. Leaving the strip in the dye overnight produces the best results.If time is short, omit the dye-sealing stage in boiling water.If there is time, a piece of the cathode could also be immersed in the dye. It will be found that the dye is not taken up by the metal in th e same way.This is a good experiment to show students towards the end of their study of electrolysis.Chemistry pointsWhen a piece of aluminum is exposed to the air, it rapidly becomes coated with a protective surface layer of aluminum oxide.Heating the aluminum in air can make the oxide layer thicker, but anodising is much more effective.The oxide layer can be made to absorb dyes. This is useful in a range of cursory goods, such as kettles, window frames and some sports equipment, all of which need to be able to withstand extreme physical conditions.Untreated aluminium has an oxide layer about 10-8 m thick. This explains aluminiums apparent lack of reactivity in the laboratory. Anodising thickens this layer to about 10-5 m and dramatically improves the metals corrosion resistance.Oxygen is often evolved at the anode during the electrolysis of aqueous solutions. Aluminium is a reactive metal. The oxygen formed reacts immediately with the aluminium. It forms a solid oxide coating on the surface of the metal electrode.Theory for more able studentsFor students working at a higher ability level, some or all of the following equations and explanations could be introducedThe cleaning process with NaOH(1) Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) 2NaAl

Procedures, Parameters & Sub-programs :: essays research papers

Procedures, Parameters & Sub-ProgramsIn any modern platformming language, operations play a vital role in theconstruction of any new softw be. These days, procedures are used instead ofthe old constructs of GOTO and GOSUB, which have since become obsolete.Procedures provide a number of important features for the modern softwareengineer-Programs are easier to write. Procedures redeem a large amount of quantify duringsoftware development as the political platformmer only call out for to code a procedure once, and cease use it a number of times. Procedures are especially efficacious in recursivealgorithms where the same piece of code has to be kill over and over again.The use of procedures furnishs a large and complex course of instruction to be broken up into anumber of much littler parts, each accomplished by a procedure. Procedures alsoprovide a form of abstraction as all the programmer has to do is whap how to assure a procedure and what it does, not how it accomplishe s the task.Programs are easier to read. Procedures help to wee-wee programs shorter, and thuseasier to read, by replacing long sequences of statements with 1 simpleprocedure call. By choosing goo procedure names, even the names of theprocedures help to archive the program and make it easier to understand.Programs are easier to modify. When repeated actions are step ind by oneprocedure call, it becomes much easier to modify the code at a ulterior stage, andalso correct any errors. By building up the program in a modular fashion viaprocedures it becomes much easier to update and replace sections of the programat a later date, if all the code for the specialized section is in a particularmodule.Programs take little time to compile. Replacing a sequence of statements withonce simple procedure call usually reduces the compilation time of the program,so long as the program contains more than one reference to the procedureObject programs require less memory. Procedures reduce the me mory consumptionof the program in two ways. first they reduce code duplication as the codeonly needs to be stored once, but the procedure can be called many times.Secondly, procedures allow more efficient storage of data, because storage for aprocedures variables is allocated when the procedure is called and deallocatedwhen it returns.We can divide procedures into two groups-Function procedures, are procedures which compute a sensation value and whose callsappear in expressionsFor example, the procedure ABS is a function procedure, when given(p) a number x,ABS computes the absolute value of x a call of ABS appears in an expression,

Free Awakening Essays: An Analysis of The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

An Analysis of The Awakening The first thing I would bid to do is go through and pick out the chapters I lay out to be significant in the novel. Chapter 1 *there is symbolism of a well trained caged bird, (like we read in the hypertext) which represents what wives were to be in Ednas keeptime *well trained *speaks of pleasantries * gets with Summer a time of beauty, mellowness and fruition *Grand Isle *vacation from New Orleans life (imprisonment) *ends at Summer aft(prenominal) 1 yr *this vacation follows Edna back up to New Orleans where she gradually begins to test how trapped she really is *it is after this vacation that Edna begins to awake Chapter 2 *Edna was from Kentucky and married a Creole *this is a conflict in religion *she is Presbetyrian and hes Catholic *this presents a problem for Edna for she has to live a Catholic life style Chapter 3 *we first charm here the marital problems that M&M Pontellier conduct *the ideals of what Mr. Pontellier expects of Edna *looking after the children was rattling important *marital state bored, unlively, becomes more than depressing on her *impt Ednas breakdown, her crying Chapter 4 *Adele, the perfect woman *embodies all the qualities of what a woman-mother should be *shes been married 7 yrs and has a child about every 2 yrs, again fullfilling her womanly and motherly duties. *her identity seems to be consumed by having children and her current state Chapter 7 *this chapter we see Edna begin to slip away, she doesnt pay as much help to things *daydreaming/ Adele asks her a question and Edna is not with her Chapter 10 *Edna learns to SWIM very impt. *she gains control of her body *the sea becomes her friend, close, intimate, sensuous Chapter 11 *this section we see a bit of Ednas rebellious nature *her husband commands her and Edna says NO Chapter 17 *we see yet another confrontation between M&M Pontellier, more marital problems *I think we as well begin to see ore hatred and violence under the surface of her husband *we also see another problem, Tuesday was to be the calling day and Edna wasnt disposed(p) for the callers, she realizes that she no longer cares to do the things that her husband wants her to Chapter 24 *Ednas father comes for a visit *he also portrays that the females should submit to the males *males are ascendant?