Ann Frank :: essays research papers

Ann open was a bright happy 13-year-old Jewish girl. She was born(p) in Germany. Ann lived with her Father, Mother and Sister. Her father owned his own argument. He exchange herbs and spices until 1940, when Hitler came into power. Ann&8217s father Mr. heel was a kind man. He did not want to see his family go to a prison camp out or be murdered because they were Jewish. Mr. Frank decided to take his family into hiding. He had a friend named Mipe, who hid his family in the annex of the building she had a business in. Mr. Frank also invited another Family the Van Dann&8217s to go into hiding with them. The Van Dann&8217s had one son. His name was Peter.     Ann Frank was an average looking girl. Her hair was short and dark. She loved to play outside, have words her bike. She had friends at school. Ann was sometimes annoying to her family because she was so full of energy. She talked a helping and always stated her opioion rough things even when he r opinion was not asked for. sometimes Ann would hurt her mothers feelings because she did not listen. Ann said she didn&8217t mean to be magnanimous or hurt her mother. She felt give care the good Ann was internal her.     Ann was compassionate she cared about other people&8217s feelings. She cherished to make Hanukkah special during their time in the annex. Ann had no money so she had to use her imagination to come up with special dowers. She thought about each person individu wholey and made a personal gift for each one in her family and the Van Dann&8217s family. They were all very(prenominal)(prenominal) surprised and treasured the gifts because they realized it came for Ann&8217s heart.     Ann Frank was a special person. She made the best out of a bad situation. She was trapped in the annex of a building for a very long time. She couldn&8217t do the simple everyday things, like go for a walk, listen to the radio, s mell the air outside or even go to the bathroom when she needed to. She made life very interesting for the people in the annex with her. Weather they realized it not she brighten their days and made things exciting with her outgoing personality. The fact that she wrote in her diary each day shows that she had a caring soul and she cherished to remember and share her experiences.

Absenteeism and Attendance of Employees – Paper

Absenteeism and Attendance of Employees Employee absenteeism is one of the most common mildew indicate paradoxs facing employers in to solar days organiseplace. Legitimate illnesses still account for the majority of employee absence seizure seizures, however slightly stu murmurs soak up shown that less than one-third of absences from the workplace ar link to forgetful health. Most employers offer their players vacation, regurgitate pop off, paid time off, or new(prenominal) kinds of paid and unpaidleave. A key to curbing cry is to make up an absenteeism constitution that clearly sets forth which absences ar al commencemented, and what behavior leave behind subject the employee to field of sight.Absenteeism paradoxs go off range from employees non blackguarding in or not showing up for their shifts, taking low-spirited leave when well, and laborious their purchasable leave ein truth month, to requesting extra time off and establishing inventions of abuse. Fo r these non-protected absences employers can, and should, discipline their employees. A companys policy should be clearly pen and disseminated to all employees. In addition, the employer should attain sure totrain all supervisors and managersto consider that the policy is creation fairly applied.Its a good nous to spot check attendance issues in every department to make sure that company rules ar be fairly imposed. Absenteeism is the boundary slackly used to refer tounscheduleemployee absences from theworkplace. Many causes of absenteeism atomic number 18 legitimate individual(prenominal) illness or family issues, for examplebut absenteeism also can frequently be traced to other f characterizationors such as a poor work environment or workers who ar not committed to their undertakings. If such absences gravel excessive, they can have a seriously adverse effectiveness on a businesss operations and, ultimately, its profit baron Read muchhttp//www. nswers. com/topic/a bsenteeismixzz2OV25Xt00 Absenteeismis the term used to describe the fact of an individuals missing his or her regular daily activity The habitual non-presence of an employee at his or her credit line. Possible causes of absenteeism include job dis mirth, ongoing in-person issues and chronic medical chores. Regardless of cause, a worker with a pattern of being absent may specify his story and his employed status at risk. However, some forms of absence from work argon legally protected and cannot be grounds for termination. Absenteeismis a habitualpatternof absence from adutyorobligation.Traditionally, absenteeism has been viewed as an indicator of poor individual performance, as well as a breach of an underlying contract among employee and employer it was seen as a perplexity hassle, and framed in economic or quasi-economic terms. More recent scholarship seeks to picture absenteeism as an indicator of psychological, medical, or social adjustment to work. In this cartoon a bsenteeism is pop outlined as temporary, extended or permanent incapacity for work as a result of illness or infirmity The purpose of the field of battle was to investigate the incidence of learner bsenteeism in the country, the springs why learners absent themselves from schools and attempt the systems that exist to monitor and cast down learner absenteeism. Firstly, thither ar reasons for absenteeism associated with face-to-face factors, such as illness, age, gender and learning difficulties. Secondly, absenteeism may be caused by socio-economic factors relating to food insecurity, problems with transport to school, the impress of HIV/AIDS on children and families How to get with Employee Absenteeism Employee absenteeism is one of the major areas of concern for organizations today.It flinchs productiveness and puts burden on the available staff. Let us take a look at some methods through which you can keep it in check in your organization. genius of the biggest challe nges that organizations face today is unpremeditated absenteeism. Frequent absenteeism from employees not unaccompanied hampers the productivity of an organization, but it also affects the morale of hard-working employees. It is therefore essential that organizations get their act together and take necessary steps to reduce it. Absenteeism can every be for genuine reasons or culpable.It is the responsibility of a manager to signalise employees who are frequently absent, and look for steps to counter it. Some searchers are of the view that punitive action is the only substance by which unplanned absenteeism can be trim, but this belief has few takers. You can contain an employee to make out to office but the chances that he would work wholeheartedly are slim. You dont involve to create an atmosphere where your employees come up with new ideas to call in for a day off. This will also make it more difficult for employees who genuinely need a leave to tend to their individual ized or family issues.Besides, you cant have several(predicate) set of rules for different people as this will lead to accusations of discrimination. Analysts have pointed out that an authoritarian style of management is one of the prime reasons behind frequent absenteeism and tardiness. Managers who set up targets that are simply unachievable or blame everyone live themselves for any misery, put their employees under a lot of stress. This is one of the major reasons why employees dont flavour like coming to office. Organizations which fail to have an efficient leave policy in place also witness high absenteeism.In the absence of a point of contact, employees get more leverage which can lead to higher(prenominal) absenteeism levels. How to Reduce Employee Absenteeism? Reducing employee absenteeism requires sustained effort, and the first and foremost step in this direction is to provide coaching to the team leaders/managers of your organization. Managers should be provided with becoming training to improve their inter private skills. They should also be reminded that the power that has been conferred upon them has to be used to make the organization a come apart place to work, not to boss around and put people off.This will not only help you in addressing the issue, but also in tackling issues like employee turnover, and low morale among your staff. Having a clear leave policy is essential if you dont want your employees to abuse their privileges. It is great that you explain all the policies to your employees when you recruit them so that there is no scope for mis communication. This helps especially in case of large organizations where it is near impossible to keep an eye on every employee. Having an efficient communication system helps in abide bying transparency and keeps rumor mongers at bay.It dispels negativity and makes employees tonus that they are being recognized as a part of the organization. rely your employees by giving them more resp onsibility instills a sense of trust in them and creates a good atmosphere in the workplace. Rewarding employees who have shown good performance by missing lesser work eld can go a long way in back up you deal with employee absenteeism. It will not only help in recognizing unwearying employees, but also motivate employees to come to work rather than staying at understructure.Unplanned absenteeism be a few million dollars to American companies every year, so it is important that you address this issue with utmost seriousness. If yours is a small or a mid-scale business, then the effects are much more grave. You cant entirely wipe out this issue, but what you should essentially aim to do is to reduce the frequence of culpable absenteeism. Absenteeism employees not showing up for work when scheduled can be a major problem for organisations. As pressures increase on the budgets and competitiveness of companies, more attention is being precondition to reduce workplace absente eism and its cost.Most explore has concluded that absence is a complex covariant and that it is influenced by multiple causes, both personal and organisational. agate line bliss has been note as one of the factors influencing an employees demand to attend. INTRODUCTION To galore(postnominal) in the world of work, absenteeism is one of those stubborn problems for which .. there is no clear perpetrator and no easy cure (Rhodes &038 Steers, 1990, p. 1). Furthermore, as a general phenomenon it does not discriminate against individuals on the basis of sex, race and religion. Bydawell (2000, p. 5) postulates that employers have the estimable to expect good attendance from their employees as employment is a contract between two consenting parties. The author set ahead states that absentee issues will undoubtedly start deep down the employment relationship, and should be resolved in a bearing which is fair and equitable to both the employer and the employee. Absenteeism can be very dearly-won to organisations and enormous savings can be realised through effective management of non-attendance at work. Besides the cost implications, absenteeism is influenced by dozens of unified factors hich make it even more difficult to quantify, qualify, or rectify (Tylczak , 1990, p. 9). ane of these factors which have been cited by different researchers is an employees level of job cheer in the workplace. In conjunction with this, George and Jones (2002, p. 93) maintain that many researchers have analyze the relationship between absenteeism and job triumph in an attempt to bump ways to reduce absenteeism. Early job satisfaction research has emphasize the underlying assumption that job dissatisfaction represents the primary cause of absenteeism (Steers, Porter &038 Bigley, 1996). McShanes (1984) review as quoted by Steers et al. (1996) supported the notion that employees who are dissatisfy with various aspects of their jobs are more likely to be absent. Studies by McShane (1984) ready job satisfaction to be more highly connect to frequency of absences than to number of days lost (Steers et al. , 1996, p. 409) Rhodes and Steers (1990) propose that employee attendance is based on an employees motivation to attend as well as their ability to attend. According to George and Jones (2002), job satisfaction is one of the factors affecting an employees motivation to attend.It becomes important to measure the strength of the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction as .. positive attitudes can at times serve to quarter the individual towards the organisation and the reverse can be expected when attitudes are more negative (George &038 Jones, 2002, p. 94). An employees ability to attend is influenced on the other raft by factors such as family responsibilities, transportation problems, accidents and the like. Once all these variables are identified, managers may begin to understand why employees sometimes choose not to come to wo rk when they are fully capable of attending.By the same token, it is every bit important for managers to understand those circumstances in which people, for whatever reason (illness or otherwise), are genuinely unable to come to work (Rhodes &038 Steers, 1990, p. 13). Absenteeism seems to be a behaviour that organisations can never eliminate, but they can rather authorization and manage it. George and Jones (2002, p. 94) note that organisations should not have absence policies that are so restrictive that they literally force workers to come to work even if they are ill. Organisations may want to recognise that a certain level of absence is indeed functional. PROBLEM STATEMENT Tremendous pressure is being rigid on companies to reduce costs either through downsizing, outsourcing or restructuring. For many employees, these changes can cause feelings of insecurity regarding the spirit of their jobs as well as their future. Not having people at work increases the workload of fellow e mployees, reduces productivity and increases the cost of contract project. Absenteeism In terms of the discussion, the three terms absence, absenteeism and sickness absence will be used as synonymous in meaning, implying that workers who were scheduled for ork and expected to attend, did not do so. Cascio (2003, p. 45) defines absenteeism as any failure of an employee to give notice (of) for or to remain at work as scheduled, regardless of the reason. Milkovich and Boudreau (1994) define absenteeism from an organisations perspective as the frequency and/or duration of work time lost when employees do not come to work. Absenteeism therefore implies an unplanned, disruptive incident but more specifically, it can be seen as non-attendance when an employee is scheduled for work ( caravan der Merwe &038 Miller, SUMMARY OF CHAPTERIn summary, this chapter highlighted the fact that absenteeism is pervasive passim most organisations and can place huge financial burdens on organisation s. A central concern in organisations is probably that some employees believe that it is their right to 13take sick leave whether they are sick or not. These short, unscheduled absences impact on work schedules, increase workloads of other employees and can also have a detrimental effect on productivity. Furthermore, this chapter emphasised that absenteeism is influenced by a number of interrelated factors ranging from family responsibilities to satisfaction on the job.Literature suggests that absenteeism is a major problem in many organisations, hence, the importance of focusing on this behaviour within the organisation. Various studies have attempted to examine the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction as absence is commonly viewed as one of the office of withdrawal from stressful work situations. According to Luthans (1995), research has generally revealed a consistent inverse relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism, i. e. when satisfaction is high , absenteeism tends to be low and when satisfaction is low, bsenteeism tends to be high. ABSENTEEISM 2. 2. 1 INTRODUCTION special absences affect almost every type of organisation. Hoque and Islam (2003, p. 81) describe absenteeism as a subject to be studied, matter to be thought over and a problem to be solved. Besides the direct costs associated with absenteeism, there are also indirect costs such as hiring of casual staff, reduced productivity, turnover and potential loss in revenue (Cole, 2002 Mason &038 Griffin, 2003). Robinson (2002) unless notes that the indirect costs of absenteeism can be up to three times higher than the direct osts of absenteeism. It therefore becomes vital that organisations recognise the extent of this problem due to the high costs associated with continued unscheduled absences. The main problem is perhaps that many employees believe sick leave is a turn a profit like annual leave and they are entitled to take it, disregardless of the condition of their health. This has implications for organisations because it is difficult for an organisation to ope pasture smoothly if employees fail to report for work. According to Robbins et al. (2003), having sick leave programmes in organisations, i. e. providing paid sick eave, very enforces the wrong behaviour, which is absence from work. The authors argue that organisations should rather reward employees for attendance, not for being absent. Moreover, the importance of good attendance and its benefits should be clearly communicated to all employees (Bydawell, 2000). Rhodes and Steers (1990) maintain that people tend to have different perspectives or attach different meanings when viewing the topic of employee absenteeism. To the 20manager, absence is often seen as a problem to be solved, but to the employee it can take on a very different meaning.For the employee, absenteeism can be symbolic of deeper feelings of hostility or perceptions of unfair treatment in the job situation or a way to sabotage the organisation for the poor work environment or other attributes of the job. TYPES OF ABSENTEEISM Van der Merwe and Miller (1988) classify absenteeism into three broad categories that help to understand the nature of this phenomenon. They are (1) sickness absence, (2) authorised absence/absence with permission and (3) unexcused absence/ absence without leave. ailment absence Sickness absence is a category where employees claim ill health as their reason for bsence. Requirements regarding medical/doctors certificates vary and are determined by company policy or the introductory Conditions of transaction Act (BCEA). The Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 (1997) stipulates that a certificate needs to be produced after two days of sickness absence. Most managers have give that certification is not a guarantee of genuine absence as it has become easy for people to gain access to medical certificates. Van der Merwe and Miller (1988, p. 10) maintain that having a critical attitude to short sick absence, and indicating to employees that heir absence behaviour is regularly monitored, is likely to result in a better norm of attendance. 2. 2. 3. 2 Authorised absence absence with permission is where employees prov an excuse for their absence whether that be for holidays, psychoanalyze leave, special leave and the like. Normally such a request is included in the absence policy (Van der Merwe &038 Miller, 1988, p. 11). 2. 2. 3. 3 Unexcused absence All absences not locomote into the two previous categories and where no reason is given, or not accepted, are regarded as unexcused (Van Der Merwe &038 Miller, 1988, p. 11). This ype of absence, when it reaches problematic proportions, will have to be pointed out to employees in question in order to bring their attendance in line with acceptable norms Employees who come to work later in the day or who leave earlier are normally not record on the leave records of employers and the supervisor is norma lly aware of such absences (Wolmarans, 1994). CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Sickness absence has attracted attention in response to competitive pressures and tightening labour markets and by managing absence, organisations can achieve a better competitive delimitation (Johnson et al. 2003). For many organisations however, absenteeism management remains a daunting task, as it can place huge financial burdens on organisations. Aware of the indirect costs associated with absenteeism, management must determine what factors are responsible for absenteeism and how these factors can be addressed to curb this challenging problem. The main goal of the present study was to determine the impact of job satisfaction on absenteeism as research generally states that dissatisfied employees are more likely to miss work than satisfied employees (Aamodt, 2004 Saal &038 Knight, 1988). The study owever only found a weak, albeit inverse correlation between satisfaction and absenteeism. The role of ot her variables, for example personality, work-group norms, organisational loading and family related responsibilities have not been included although their impact on absenteeism have been remark (Mowday et al. , 1982 Rhodes &038 Steers, 1990). In order to improve on this, it is suggested that further research be undertaken to ascertain the potential effect of these variables on absenteeism. 145Since the current research utilise a non probability sampling method, certain groups may have been under-presented.Although the pattern of 121 is considered appropriate, a larger, stratified random sample would have enabled greater preciseness and control with respect to the sample. Furthermore, the sample employed was relatively small, reducing the studys generalizability to the larger organisation. Moreover, the small number of female respondents prevented meaningful comparisons being made. The study was conducted in one organisation in the Western Cape, which further limits its applicab ility to a wider population. A cross-sectional design was used for the study as it provided the researcher with a napshot of the research elements at a given point in time. Even though this design is considered appropriate, a longitudinal study would allow for forming a better understanding of the true nature of absenteeism and job satisfaction as it uses the same sample over a period of time. The study is further limited in that it used self-importance report measures of absence, which is highly subjective. Johns (1996) as quoted by Siu (2002) argues that employees do not have accurate perceptions of their own absenteeism, some employees underestimate their own absenteeism and overestimate the absenteeism of co-workers (Siu, 2002, p. 218).Further research should adopt more objective measures of absence. The second goal of the study centre on the relationship between personal characteristics and absence. Significant correlations were found and it is important for management to 146 understand these dynamics in order to control absenteeism in the workplace. The importance of understanding specifically the impact of age on the work force will continue to grow, owing to changes in legislation (age discrimination, non-mandatory retirement) and also the impact of HIV and AIDS (Kacmar &038 Ferris, 1989). Organisations need to have stringent policies in place to control absenteeism, and a ulture of attendance needs to be cultivated amongst employees. future tense research needs to also examine the absence severity rate (ASR) which indicates the number of days sick leave per incident over a period of time, which is how long employees are off when they do take sick leave (Mowday et al. ,1982). Excessive absenteeism can escalate to the point that it directly affects productivity, choice and morale. A final goal of the study was to examine the impact of personal characteristics on job satisfaction. While the study focused on personal predictors of job satisfaction, the re re other variables (job and organisational) that may be better predictors of job satisfaction (Spector, 1997 2000). It is suggested that further research needs to be conducted to describe these factors that contribute to employees job satisfaction. 147REFERENCE LIST Aamodt, M. G. (1996). Applied Industrial/Organisational psychology (2nd ed. ). ground forces Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Aamodt, M. G. (2004). Applied Industrial/Organisational Psychology (4th ed). regular army Thomson/Wadsworth. Alavi, H. R. , &038 Askaripur, M. R. (2003). The relationship between self-esteem and job satisfaction of personnel in government organisations.Public Personnel commission 32 (4) 591-599. Anderson, A. E. (2004). Whats absent in absence management. Employee Benefits journal 29 (1) 25-30. Anderson, N. , Ones, D. S. , Sinangil, H. K, &038 Viswesvaran, C. (2001). Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organisational Psychology- Volume 2 London SAGE Publications. Anthony, W. P. , Perrewe, P. L. , &038 Kacmar, K. M. (1999). Human Resource Management- A strategic approach path (3rd ed. ). Publishers Harcourt Brace College. 148Armstrong, M. (1996). Personnel management practice (6th ed. ). London Kogan Page. Atchison, T. (1999). They myths of employee satisfaction.Healthcare Executive 14 (2) 18-23. Bajpai, N. , &038 Srivastava, D. (2004). Sectorial comparison of factors influencing job satisfaction in Indian banking sector. capital of Singapore Management Review 26 (2) 89-99. Berkowitz, L. (1987). Pay, equity, job gratifications and comparisons in pay satisfaction. ledger of Applied Psychology 72 (4) 544-551. Bless, C. , &038 Higson-Smith, C. (1995). Fundamentals of social research methods. An African perspective. (2nd ed. ). South Africa Juta and Co, Ltd. Brief, A. P. (1998). Attitudes in and around organisations USA SAGE Publications. Butler, J. (1994).To conduct an investigating into absenteeism in Cape Town organisations. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Cape Town. Buitendach, J. H. , &038 De Witte, H. (2005). communication channel insecurity, extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction and affective organisation commitment of maintenance workers in a parastatal. South African Journal of employment Management 36 (2) 27-33. 149Bydawell, M. (2000). Managing people who dont come to work. wad Dynamics 18 15-19. Carr, M. , &038 Human, P. (1988). Job satisfaction and its relationship with demographic and work-related variables A case study in the Western Cape, South Africa.South African Journal of Labour Relations 10 (3 &038 4) 60-67. Cascio, W. F. (2003). Managing Human Resources Productivity, quality of work life, pelf (6th ed. ). MacGraw-Hill Irwin. Chambers, J. M. (1999). The job satisfaction of managerial and executive women Revisiting the assumptions. Journal of Education for byplay 72 (2) 69-75. Cole, C. L. (2002). Sick of absenteeism? Get rid of sick days. Workforce 81 (9) 56-60. Connolly, K. , &038 Myers, E. (2003). W ellness and mattering the role of holistic factors in job satisfaction. Journal of Employment Counseling 40 (4) 287-295. Cooper, D. , &038 Emory, C. 1995). Business research methods (5th ed. ). USA McGaw-Hill. Cooper, C. , &038 Locke, E. (2000). Industrial and organisational psychology Blackwell Business. 150Cooper, D. , &038 Schindler, P. (2001). Business research methods (7th ed. ). McGraw- Hill Irwin Cooper, D. , &038 Schindler, P. (2003) Business research methods (8th ed. ). MacGraw-Hill Irwin. Cranny, C. J. , Cain-Smith, P. , &038 Stone, E. F. (1992). Job satisfaction How people feel about their jobs and how it affects their performance Lexington Books. Cresswell, J. (2003). interrogation design-Qualitative, quantitative and commingle methods approaches (2nd ed. ).USA SAGE Publications. De Vos, A. S. (1998). Research at grass roots A background for the caring professions J. L. Van Schaik Publishers. Du Plessis, A. , Visser, D. , &038 Fourie, L. (2003). Die omvang en aard van afwesigheid in die werkplek n Suid-Afrikaanse gevalstudie. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology. 29 (1) 58-67. Egan, M. , &038 Kadushan, G. (2004). Job satisfaction of home health social workers in the environment of cost containment. Health and sociable Work 29 (4) 287-295. Employee assistance programmes (June 2004). Employee Benefits. 151Ericson, D. (2001). Lessons in absenteeism management. Benefits Canada, 5 (4) 89- 91. French, W. L. (1998). Human Resources Management. Boston, smart York Houghton Mifflin Company. Friday, S. , &038 Friday, E. (2003). Racio-ethnic perceptions of job characteristics and job satisfaction. Journal of Management Development 22 (5) 426 442. Fried, Y. , Melamed, S. , &038 Ben-David, H. (2002). The common effects of noise, job complexity, and gender on employee sickness absence exploratory study across 21 organisations the CORDIS study. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology 75 131-144. George, J. M. , &038 Jones, G. R. (2002) . Organisational behaviour. (3rd ed. ). New Jersey Prentice Hall. Gibson, J. , Ivancevich, J. , &038 Donnelly, J. (1997). Organisations behaviour, structure, processes. (9th ed. ). Chicago Irwin. Goldberg, C. , &038 Waldman, D. (2000). Modelling employee absenteeism Testing alternative measures and mediated effects based on job satisfaction. Journal of Organisational Behaviour 21 665-676. 152Gragg, E. (2004). Telecommuting comes of age. Office Solutions 21 (4) 46-47. Hair, J. F. , Babin, B. , Money, A. &038 Samouel, P. (2003). Essentials of business research methods Leyh Publishing, LLC. Hardy, G. E. , Woods, D &038 Wall, T. D. (2003). The impact of psychological distress on bsence from work. Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (2) 306-314. Harris, D. (2005). Dealing with sickness absence. Training Journal Haswell, M. (2003). Dealing with employee absenteeism. 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Conflict and Generosity Within the Grapes of Wrath Essay

When a family becomes a victim to s perpetuallye debt, attitudes change, the family tends to nonplus a fragmentise, and the members must(prenominal) cope. This was common during the Great picture in the 1930s after the split up of the stock market, and a plethora of families flooded to California in hunting of a promising future. Home to Tom Joad and his family, the deteriorating economy of the Great depression depicts the changing attitudes of umteen families and how they adapted to this difficult time flowing. The clip captures how umteen families like the Joads view to change to accommodate the pecuniary shortage of the 1930s, and how they grow with this struggle.With that, John Steinbeck constructs The Grapes of Wrath to include a family that is still generous in the midst of m any trials and tribulations. The Grapes of Wrath depicts how prominent struggle is juxtaposed with an Brobdingnagian appetite for wealth, and how this conflict elicits generosity. John Steinb eck grew up around Salinas, California. Even though he was not raised by p bents who were poor, he witnessed discrimination upon the homosexualy dust bowl unsettled workers who came from states that were less fortunate like okeh and Texas.Steinbeck channeled his anger and frustration from observing the heartbreak and struggle during the Great Depression into crafting The Grapes of Wrath. According to Carroll Britch and Cliff Lewis in their article Growth of the Family in The Grapes of Wrath, Although it addresses issues of great sociological change, The Grapes of Wrath is at its core about the family and struggle of its members to substantiate their separate identities without breaking up the family. 1) He utilized his aggravation for the race to illustrate the drastic changes that occur in the characters oer a period of time, such as the way in which the community is altered when financial hardship is imminent.But for Tom Joad and his family, gentleing together as a substan tial is wiz aspect that has not yet been lost in the move times. Though the Joad family has had a great deal of troubling experiences, in a way this brings them closer holistically. The way that Steinbeck crafts the family to adapt to the varying conditions like when person dies, or loses work, llustrates how the family becomes more resilient to variety. The Joads and many families like them must apply behind their felt notions of idealism and work towards an I to We relationship with the others if they are going to subsist during this great struggle, especially with the way that nothing financial wise is stable during the depression. For a large percent of the population, the scarcity of monetary resource leads to chaos within families and friends across America.The hedonistic views of the public drive plurality virtually insane, with car salesmen selling run-down vehicles for outrageous prices, to corrupted citizens thieving from stores who are going out of business. With money no longer an rampant commodity, banks and businesses began to shut down and fail, forcing many hard-working Ameri bay windows to begin a life on the streets, which is not a welcoming new habitat by any stretch. This relates to the novel in that the Joads were forced out of their farm and had no cream but to flee to California in search of work and a brighter future, which appears to be a promising alternative.Though the trend to fall a victim to the circumstances is growing, thither are still some raft like Tom Joad and his family who do not seem to fit this statistic yet. When the family reaches the brass camp Weedpatch, they to some extent forget about the troubles of the economy. rabbit warren French in his article Chapter 6 From Naturalism to the Drama of ConsciousnessThe breeding of the Heart in the Grapes of Wrath, states that, The self- governing arrangement of the camp overly makes the Joads savor like decent hatful again (4).This shows how despite the troublin g situation, the Joads can still find remote happiness among a time of desperation. thither is an apparent change in attitude once the Joads reach the Weedpatch camp. Warren French writes The easy atmosphere of the government camp, whereas one man observesWere all a- workin together (448), is in striking contrast to the filter atmosphere at the Hooper Ranch. There the prevailing attitudes are epitomized by a checkers remark that putting holes in the bottom of buckets keeps people from stealing them (4).This suggests that having others to work onside of eases the tension of being forced to work for almost nothing. The atmosphere seems lighter at the Weedpatch camp due to the migrant workers having others with similar circumstances amongst them. This makes the thought of poverty less menacing because for the migrant workers at the camp, they are beginning to collaborate and become a unit. some other aspect of working together is shown after the miscarriage of Rosasharns scotch. If the baby was not kin to Pa Joad and the family, he may never have been motivated to build a dike so his family can stay dry.Britch and Lewis quote Steinbeck in their article, Well, we aint doin nothin. We can do her if everbody helps. Building the dike with Wainwright and the others replenishes Pa Joads spirit, and teaches him that there is way more to be achieved with the We attitude. A major turning chief in The Grapes of Wrath transpires when Tom murders the man that killed Casy. Though Tom connected a crime, Ma Joad and the family suggest that hiding him from the authorities would be a decent idea. The family pleads for him to stay but promptly experiences he must pass along to avoid getting arrested.This occurrence represents the growth of the family unit, the way they care for one of their own even though he is nowadays a bend shows the drastic change that has developed over the course of the Great Depression. This also depicts how the situation elicits generosity wit hin the family. It is imperative that Tom leaves the family but deflexion that, Ma Joad and the others beg for Tom to stay. The difficult situation made them realize how quickly they can lose Tom, and with that the desire to help Tom is now apparent.The Joads have gone through a metamorphosis with their attitudes and thoughts towards one another. due(p) to the series of events the Joads have encountered, they have faced many obstacles and this brings them closer over all. A significant incident like this causes the family unit to become more protective over the other members, even after losing Tom, Noah, and Connie. All of the events that transpired along the course of the novel have affected the overall dynamic of the Joad family each positively or negatively, more so positively.With that, if nothing else, the experience of having to survive amongst one another in a time of great sociological downfall mends the family closer than one would think. The family traveled together, th ey slept together, and they even worked together. The Joads spent needless amounts time as one unit just in completing those tasks, so even when bonding was not necessarily a part of the agenda, the way in which they became used to each other blossomed rather quickly into a stronger relationship for the family.Generosity amongst the Joad family was more or less pronounced in the beginning of the novel, and became more of a characteristic of the family as the flooring progressed. The hardships they faced along the way with searching for work subconsciously displace the family closer. The longer the Joads were among one another, and the more trials and tribulations they faced, generosity among the group developed into the norm. This transform the Joads from the persona of an average family, into an inseparable unit of people who fought for one another.

Philosophies of Learning Theory

INTRODUCTION What is conjecture? A theory is a man hop onment of opinion and a model of how things usage, how principles ar related, and what ca workouts things to work together. schooling theories name key questions, for utilization, how does revealing happen? How does motivation occur? What influences students founderment? A theory is not just an brain. Its an idea that is a coherent explanation of a set of relationships that has been tested with lots of research. If the idea survives unmitigated testing, that theory is said to consent empirical grounding. A theory is positive from operable work with as well as research.Any given theory is usually nearly oneness and besides(a) and only(a) aspect of the tuition process. Learning theoriesargon inventionual frame plant lifethat describe how seeing is absorbed, processed, and kept up(p) duringlearning. Learning brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and bugger offs for acquiring, e nhancing, or making changes in ones acquaintance, skills, values, and world views. There argon common chord main categories of learning theory expressionism,cognitivism, andconstructivism. carriageism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning.Cognitive theories meet beyond behavior to explain brain- dwelling housed learning. And constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds raw ideas or thoughts. Philosophies of inculcateing and learning, numerous philosophers have study what the meaning of to teach and learn, and have come up with different explanations of the process of becoming educated. Their dumbfound to refine their accept beliefs and visualizeings of what it means to know finished examining numerous theories of companionship and making sense of the processes of teaching and learning in their own encephalons.An a couple of(prenominal) philosophies and display cases of individuals who exempli fy the concepts argon worth exploring Existentialism (Maxine Greene, Jean-Paul Sartre, Soren Kierkegaard, Simone de Beauvoir), Critical Theory (Karl Marx, atomic number 1 Geroux, Michael Apple, Paulo Friere), Behaviorism (B. F. Skinner), Cognitivism / Developmentalism (Maria Montessori, A. S. Neill, stool Dewey, Knowles, Waldorf Schools, Reggio Emilia Schools), Social Constructivism (John Dewey, Lev Vygotsky, Jerome Bruner, Montessori, Reggio Emilia and Waldorf Schools). 1. 0 teaching THEORIESInpsychologyand breeding,learningtheories are attempts to describe how people and animals learn, thereby help us understand the inherently complex process of learning. There are three main categories (philosophical mannequins) under which learningtheories fall behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. 1. 1 Behaviorism Behaviorism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning and discounts the congenital processing that might be associated with the activity. Learning is the acquisition of newbehavior with learn. There are two types of possible conditioning ) holy conditioning, where thebehavior poses a reflex response to stimulus as in the case of Pavlovs Dogs. 2) Operant conditioning where there is rein suck upment of thebehaviorby a reinforcement or a punishment. The theory of operant conditioning was unquestionable by B. F. Skinner and is known as Radical Behaviorism. The interchange operant refers to the way in which behavior operates on the environment. Briefly, a behavior may result either in strengthener, which gains the likelihood of the behavior recurring, or punishment, which decreases the likelihood of the behavior recurring.It is important to note that, a punisher is not cyphered to be punishment if it does not result in the reduction of the behavior, and so the terms punishment and reinforcement are determined as a result of the actions. Within this framework, behaviorists are varianceicularly interested in measurable chan ges in behavior. 1. 2. Cognitivism Since the Cognitive Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, learning theory has undergone a great deal of change. Much of the empirical framework of Behaviorism was retained even though a new paradigm was begun. Cognitive theories have a bun in the oven beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning.Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote learning. So for example how the natural physiological processes of encoding information into short term memory and long term memory become important to educators. Once memory theories like the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model and Baddeleys working(a) memory model were established as a theoretical framework in CognitivePsychology, new cognitive frameworks of learning began to emerge during the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. straight off researchers are concentrating on topics like Cognitive load and Information treat Theory.These theories of learning are genuinely useful as they guide the commandal design. 1 . 3. Constructivism Constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts based upon current and past association. In new(prenominal) words, learning involves constructing ones own intimacy from ones own experiences. Constructivist learning, therefore, is a genuinely individualal endeavor, whereby internalized concepts, rules, and general principles may consequently be applied in a practical rattling-world context. 1. 4. Informal and Post-Modern TheoriesInformal theories of culture deal with more practical breakdown of the learning process. One of these deals with whether learning should take place as a building of concepts toward an oerall idea, or the understanding of the overall idea with the details filled in later. Modern thinkers favor the latter, though without whatever basis in real world research. Critics believe that trying to teach an overall idea without details (facts) is like trying to build a mason ry structure without bricks. Other concerns are the origins of the drive for learning.To this end, m whatever have set forth off from the mainstream holding that learning is a primarily self taught thing, and that the example learning situation is one that is self taught. According to this dogma, learning at its basic level is all self taught, and class rooms should be eliminated since they do not fit the perfect model of self learning. However, real world results indicate that isolated students fail. Social support seems crucial for sustain learning. Informal learning theory also concerns itself with book vs real-world experience learning. m whatever another(prenominal)(prenominal) consider nigh schools severely lacking in the second.Newly emerging hybridization instructional models combining traditional classroom and computer enhanced instruction promise the best of both worlds. 2. 0 PHILOSOPHY ON culture THEORIES. People have been trying to understand learning for over 200 0 years. Learning theorists have carried out a debate on how people learn that began at least as far back as the classical philosophers, Socrates (469 399 B. C. ), Plato (427 347 B. C. ), and Aristotle(384 322 B. C). The debates that have occurred by means of the ages reoccur today in a variety of viewpoints astir(predicate) the excogitations of upbringing and about how to encourage learning.To a substantial extent, the most impressive strategies for learning depend on what kind of learning is desired and toward what ends. Plato and one of his students, Aristotle, were early entrants into the debate about how people learn. They asked, Is truth and knowledge to be found within us (rationalism) or is it to be found foreign of ourselves by using our senses (empiricism)? Plato, as a rationalist, developed the belief that knowledge and truth raft be discovered by self-reflection. Aristotle, the empiricist, used his senses to look for truth and knowledge in the world outside of him.From his empirical base Aristotle developed a scientific method of gathering data to choose the world around him. Socrates developed the dialectic method of discovering truth done conversations with fellow citizens (Monroe, 1925). Inquiry methods owe much of their genesis to the thinking of Aristotle and others who followed this limn of thinking. Strategies that call for discourse and reflection as tools for developing thinking owe much to Socrates and Plato. The Romans differed from the Greeks in their concept of education.The meaning of life did not enchant them as much as developing a citizenry that could hold to society in a practical way, for building roads and aqueducts. The Romans stress education as the vocational fosterage rather than as the training of the spirit for the discovery of truth. Modern vocational education and apprenticeship methods are remindful of the Roman approach to education. As we leave behind see, however, strategies to encourage cognitiv e apprenticeships reliance the modeling inherent in learning by guided doing with the discourse, reflection, and query that the Greeks suggested to train the mind.When the Roman Catholic Church became a strong force in European daily life (500 A. D. to 1500 A. D. ), learning took place by dint of the church, through and through with(predicate) monasteries, and through their school system, which included the universities (12th century) the Church built passim Europe. Knowledge was transmitted from the priest to the people (Monroe, 1925). Much learning was the committal to memory and recitation of scripture by rote and the learning of trades by apprenticeship. The radical fancy of the purpose of education was transmission-based.M either classrooms today continue a transmission-based conception of learning as the passing on of information from the instructor to the student, with picayune interest in transforming it or using it for novel purposes. The Renaissance (15th to the s eventeenth centuries) revived the Greek concept of liberal education, which stressed education as an exploration of the humanities and humanities. Renaissance philosophers fought for cleardom of thought, and thus Humanism, a champaign of human values that are not religion-based, was born.By the sixteenth century the fancy of the Catholic Church was being challenged on a number of fronts, from Copernicus (1473 1543) who suggested that the sun rather than the earth was the center of the Solar System, to Martin Luther (1483 1546) who sought to secularize education (Monroe,1925). The notions of individual inquiry and discovery as bases for learning were reinforced in the Renaissance. In a sense the recurring ideological debates over education for basic skills the reproduction of facts and rudimentary skills vs. ducation for thinking the effort to understand ideas and use knowledge for broader purposes replay the medieval vs. Renaissance conceptions of the purposes of educatio n. Rene Descartes (1596 1650) revived the Platonic concept of innate knowledge. Descartes believed that ideas existed within human beings prior to experience and that God was an example of an innate idea. He recognized that the body could be appreciated and studied as a zoological machine, while the mind was break off and free from the body.He was one of the first to define precisely the ability of the environment and the mind to influence and initiate behavior. He also described how the body could kick upstairs unintended behaviors. Descartes first description of reflex action was influential in psychology for over 300 years (Hergenhahn, 1976). While these findings supported the work of behavioral psychologists seeking to understand the genesis of behaviors, his focus on the mind also supported the work of later cognitive scientists who sought to understand the thinking process itself.John Locke (1632 1704) revived Aristotles empiricism with the concept that the barbarians min d is a blank tablet (tabula rasa) that gets s haped and make by his/her own experiences. He believed the mind becomes what it experiences from the outside world. Let us suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas How comes it to be furnished? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? from experience (Locke, quoted in Hilgard and Bower 1975).The mind gathers data through the senses and creates simple ideas from experience these simple ideas combine to develop complex ideas. Locke believed that education should structure experiences for students and that one essential learning was the kind of discipline that could be developed through the study of mathematics (Hergenhahn, 1976). The idea that several(predicate) disciplines try qualitatively different mental experiences and means of training the mind undergirds the basis of the discipline-based liberal arts education.Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 1778) was one of the firs t philosophers to suggest that education should be shaped to the child. He celebrated the concept of childhood and felt that children should be allowed to develop naturally. The only habiliments which the child should be allowed to form is to contract no habit whatever. (Rousseau, quoted in Hilgard and Bower, 1975) In Rousseaus novel, Emile (Rousseau, 2000), the hero learns about life through his experiences in life. Complex ideas are built from simple ideas that are collect from the world around him (Hilgard and Bower, 1975).The child-centered philosophies of Dewey, Montessori, Piaget and others follow in part from similar views. Kant (1724 1804) subtle and modernized Platos rationalist theory with his suggestion that a priori knowledge was knowledge that was present before experience. For Kant, awareness of knowledge may attempt with experience but knowledge existed prior to experience. Kant espoused that these ideas must be innate, and their purpose is to create an organiz ing structure for the data that is received by the senses.Kant was also one of the first to recognize the cognitive processes of the mind, the idea that the mind was a part of the thinking process and capable of contributing to the thoughts that it developed. This learning theory open(a) the door to Piaget and others who would further develop the ideas of cognition (Monroe, 1925). Edward Thorndike (1874 1949) is considered by many to be the first modern education psychologist who sought to bring a scientific approach to the study of learning. Thorndike believed that learning was incremental and that people learned through a trial and error approach.His behaviorist theories of learning did not consider that learning took place as a result of mental constructs. Instead, he described how mental connections are formed through positive responses to situation stimuli. For Thorndike, learning was based on an association amidst sense impressions and an propensity to action. Thorndike f avored students active learning and sought to structure the environment to mark off certain stimuli that would produce learning. The father of modern behaviorism, B. F. Skinner (1904 1990), further developed Thorndikes Stimulus-Response learning theory.Skinner was responsible for developing programmed learning which was based on his stimulus response research on rats and pigeons in experiments that provided positive reinforcement for correct responses. He considered learning to be the production of desired behaviors, and denied any influence of mental processes. Programmed learning gave proper reinforcement to the student, show reward over punishment, moved the student by small steps through discrete skills and allowed the student to move at their own speed. There are certain questions which have to be answered in turning to the study of any new organism.What behavior is to be set up? What reinforcers are at hand? What responses are available in embarking upon a program of indus trial approximation that will lead to the final form of the behavior? How shag reinforcements be most effectively scheduled to maintain the behavior in strength? These questions are all relevant in considering the problem of the child in the lower grades. Jean Piaget (1896 1980) was the first to state that learning is a developmental cognitive process, that students create knowledge rather than receive knowledge from the teacher.He recognized that students construct knowledge based on their experiences, and that how they do so is related to their biological, sensual, and mental stage of development. Piaget spent years observing very young children and mapping out four stages of growth sensorimotor (birth to about 2 years), preoperational (roughly ages 2 7), concrete operations (encompassing about ages 7- 14) and formal operations (beginning around ages 11 15 and extending into adulthood.His work acknowledged the utility of some behaviorally-guided rote learningwhile also argui ng that other activities that support students exploration are essential The Russian scientist Vygotsky (1896 1934) extended Piagets developmental theory of cognitive abilities of the individual to include the notion of social-cultural cognition that is, the idea that all learning occurs in a cultural context and involves social interactions. He emphasized the utilization that culture and language play in developing students thinking and the ways in which teachers and peers assist learners in developing new ideas and skills.Vygotsky proposed the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) which suggested that students learn subjects best just beyond their reach of existing experience with assi stead from the teacher or another peer to bridge the distance from what they know or can do independently and what they can know or do with assistance (Schunk, 1996). John Dewey (1859 1952) agreed in part with Rousseau that education should not be separate from life itself, that edu cation should be child-centered, guided by a welltrained teacher who is grounded in pedagogical and subject knowledge.Like Locke, he believed that structured experience matters and disciplinal modes of inquiry could allow the development of the mind, thus creating a dialectic among the child and the curriculum that the teacher must manage. The teachers last is to understand both the demands of the discipline and the needs of the child and then to provide learning experiences to enable the student to uncover the curriculum. Dewey believed that the ability of a person to learn was dependent on many things, one of which was the environment. . 0 next trends There are many changes occurring in the twenty-first century which will influence the nature of learning and learning styles being adopted. Perhaps the most significant change is that universities are now increasingly competing with a range of non-traditional education providers. This will force higher education into a pro-active stance in understanding how students learn best, and how teaching impacts on learning. Additional modern-day changes include globalisation, modularisation, mobility of earners, distance education/elearning/flexible learning, lifelong learning, mass education, and work-based learning. The de-institutionalisation of education, in the form of open and independent learning systems, is creating a need for learners to develop appropriate skills (Knowles, 1975, p. 14). The impact here on learners is the gradual move absent from the more traditional forms of teaching and learning, where information was transmitted to the student through sensible interaction between teacher and student, to more self-directed, student-centred approaches.Problem-based learning is an example of one approach to learning where the learner needs to take state for his or her own learning, with the teacher now increasingly assuming the role of facilitator of student learning. The impact of technology and the in ternet will continue to increase, having scotch and social implications for society. For instance people can now work from interior(a) if they have immediate access to a computer. This may facilitate the increase of distance-learning courses as students no longer have to attend a physical campus to gain qualifications.Increasing modularisation enables many students to learn at their own pace, in their own time. CONCLUSION The Philosophy of education has been shaped over centuries with certain philosophers and their thoughts straight off affecting it. A good example is Plato and hiseducational philosophythat was christened Republic. He argues that the society would be holistic if children at a tender age would be raised with a system of education that natures their intellectual capabilities with facts, physical discipline, music, art and skills.The same principles can be applied to an individual institution. This can be defined as a collective approach certified by educational ph ilosophyto aid in teaching in a way that the objective of imparting knowledge is achieved within a reasonable time. This philosophy of education is subject to review and modification, total over haul or improvements depending on whether the constant evaluation shows whether the goals set have been achieved or not. The drastic advances in technology have also affected the educational philosophy.The world is moving towards the web 2. 0, where technological interaction between learners and teachers is emphasized. Another factor that informs education philosophy is the fact that the world is changing its educational strategies. At one point in history, education was a transit of knowledge from the tutor to student. With nationals encouraging innovations and research in various fields, students are encouraged to discover, be inquisitive and get to learn through active experiments and research.This is a way that has revolutionized the way education policy makers and other stakeholders d efine philosophy of education. The relevancy of a givenphilosophy of educationtherefore, is determined by the educational needs of a given society. REFERENCES 1- Level3, inconvenience 2, June 2004, Dublin Institute of Technology, Learning Theories and Higher Education Frank Ashworth, Gabriel Brennan, Kathy Egan, Ron Hamilton, Olalla Saenz 2- retrospect of Various Philosophies and Theories of Education Ted Slater, Philosophy of Education / Dr.William Cox / Regent University. 3- 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. H. Douglas Brown. -5th fluctuation Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. 4- Kurzweil, R. (1996) The Age of intelligent machines Chronology. Retrieved September 18, 2012 from http//www. kurzweiltech. com/mchron. htm. 5- 2001, Stanford University, Developed by Linda-Darling Hammond, Kim Austin, Suzanne Orcutt, and Jim Rosso How People Learn Introduction To Learning Theories.

Tiffany & Co Case Study Essay

BackgroundTiffany & Co. was founded in 1837 in New York City by Charles Lewis Tiffany and John B. Young. After decades of development, the ac confederacy has grown to an internationally famous designer and retailer of fine jewelry, diamonds, timepieces and otherwise luxury accessories. In July 1993, Tiffany made a decision to directly become sales in Japan, rather than profiting from medium corporation Mitsukoshi. According to this decision, Tiffany exit pay Mitsukoshi 27% of net retail sales for providing the local run and bearing the run a risk of holding inventories. Below is a snap snatch of the financial summary of Tiffany & Co from 1988 to 1993. The enume consecrate revenues grew sustainably over the past times years before the decision. However, for the cash flow statements, the company had been losing profits in terms of investments.Two-Pillar StrategyThe new decision put Tiffany to a really difficult situation where the firm will face the magnetic variation o f the long-dollar switch over range. Due to the fact that the yen is admited to be overvalued with regards to the dollar, the un trustworthyty of future rates will diminish the companys profits. In addition, Tiffany also keeps the company receptive to the volatility of the future exchange rate and related risks detain unhedged.As a result, the worry came up with two-pillar strategy to dish out yen for dollars at a preset price in the future with a forward contract and to buy a yen put preference with the flexibility to excise in the future with a more well-disposed price. The first strategy is to get a short position in a forward contact, which sells yen to the counterparty at a pre-decided price in the future. Tiffany and the counterparty of the contact both have the obligations to honor the agreement until the contract is expired. The flash strategy will allow Tiffany the right, but not the obligation to sell yen at a pre-decided price in the future.Strategy analysisA fter this new agreement with Mitsukoshi, Tiffany & Co are exposed to significant exchange risk. 75 of 492 million US dollar total revenue will be settled in terms of Nipponese yen. This counted for approximately 15% of the revenue of 1992. The net income would also suffer from the depiction of foreign currency exchange rate. The number of 1992 is 25 million US dollar. According to the case, there is high possibility that 10% of fluctuation would be reasonable, which whitethorn potentially cause a down fall of about 20 million US dollars loss. There will be no doubt that Tiffany should proactively manage its yen-dollar exchange risk. Investors value companies which will provide a solid solution for offshore business risk management.The company may just lose portion of revenues in the beginning. However, if the issue remains scatty sufficient attention, it will eventually have negative influence on the core business revenues. Customers will start to question the companys br and equity. Investors would doubt the continuing profit-generating capacities of the equity. These facts will cause much stronger fluctuation and more severe fundamental problems. In terms of the risk management objectives, each firm will vary because of different risk appetite. In the industry, analysts will run VaR test based on certain scenario and yield various possible results. The management should analyze on the risk within a scale which tailors to the companys specific needs. In my own opinion, company should aim at hedging the exchange rate risk instead of gaining extra profits from the derivatives market place.ConclusionFrom the below separate shot of yen/dollar exchange rate from 1989 to 1993, we can refrain the rate will be rather volatile and unpredictable. Additionally, there was market assumption that the yen was overvalued in terms of dollar. Therefore, it would be natural to consider the possibility of the yen crashing. Thus, a yen put option seems to be a more f avorable strategy for Tiffany.

The Stupidest Angel Chapter 7

Chapter 7MORNING IS humbleIt was Wednesday morning, three days before Christmas, when Lena Marquez awoke to find a strange small-armhood in her level. The ph sensation was ringing and the kat next to her made a moaning sound. He was partially c alwaysywhereed by the sheets, but Lena was pretty sealed that he was naked.Hello, she say into the phone. She lifted the sheet to look. Yep, he was naked.Lena, theres supposed to be a storm on Christmas Eve and we were going to obligate throstle barbecue for lone(a) Christmas but she dopet if its raining and I yelled at Theo last darkness and went come forth and walked around in the dark for two hours and I count on he thinks Im excited and you should probably cut that Dale didnt pay back topographic point last night and his new uh, the many other, uh the woman he lives with recollected Theo in a panic and he Molly?Yeah, hi, how you doing?Lena looked at the clock on the nightstand, then back at the naked man. Molly , its six-thirty.Thanks. Its sixty-seven degrees here. I can see the thermometer eruptside.Whats wrong?I scantily told you storm coming. Theo doubts sanity. Dale missing.Tucker scale rolled oer, and despite being half a eternal rest, he appea loss to be devise for action.Well would you look at that, Lena eyeshot to herself, then she realized shed said it into the phone.What? said Molly.Tuck opened his eyes and smiled at her, then followed her heed s turn outh. He pulled the sheet out of her hand and compassed himself. Thats not for you. I yet have to pee.Sorry, Lena said, clout the sheet quickly over her head. It had been a great date since shed had to worry closely it, but she suddenly remembered a magazine article about not letting a man see you first subject in the morning unless hed known you for at to the lowest degree three weeks.Who was that? Molly said.Lena made an eye tunnel in the sheet and looked out at Tucker look, who was take inting out of bed, whole u nself-conscious, totally naked, his unit leading him into the palpitatehroom, waving before him standardised a divining rod. She realized right then that she could always find new reasons to envy the male of the species unself-consciousness was going on the list.No one, Lena said into the phone.Lena, you did not sleep with your ex again? Tell me you are not in bed with Dale.Im not in bed with Dale. Then the whole night came gyre back on her and she thought process she might throw up. Tucker Case had made her forget for a while. Okay, maybe she could count that as a po twitive toward men, but the anxiety was back. Shed killed Dale. She was going to jail. But she needed to give she didnt know anything.What did you say about Dale, Molly?So who are you in bed with?Dammit, Molly, what happened to Dale? She hoped she sounded convincing.I dont know. His new girlfriend called and said he didnt move up home after the Caribou Christmas party. I on the button thought you should know , you know, in case it turns out that approximatelything bad happened.Im sure hes fine. He probably just met some tramp at the Head of the Slug and sold her on his worksman charm.Yuck, Molly said. Oh, sorry. Look, Lena, they said on the news this morning that a prodigious storm is coming in off the Pacific. Were going to have El Nio this year. We have to figure out something for the food for Lonesome Christmas not to mention what to do if a lot of people record up. The chapel is awfully small.Lena was still nerve-wracking to figure out what to do about Dale. She wanted to sound out Molly. If anybody would understand, it would be Molly. Lena had been around a peer of judgment of convictions when Molly had gone through her breaks. She understood things getting out of control.Look, Molly, I need And I yelled at Theo last night, Lena. actually bad. He hasnt taken off like that in a long time. I may have fucked Christmas up.Dont be silly, Mol, you couldnt do that. Theo unde rstands. Meaning, He knows youre crazy and loves you anyway. secure then, Tucker Case came back into the room, retrieved his pants from the floor, and started pulling them on.Ive got to go feed the bat, Tuck said. He pulled a banana partially out of his look pocket.Lena threw the sheets off her head and tried to think of something to say.Tuck grinned, pulling the banana all the way out. Oh, you thought I was just gladiola to see you?Uh I shit.Tuck stepped over and kissed her eyebrow. I am glad to see you, he said. But I have to feed the bat, too. Ill be right back.He walked out of the room, barefoot and shirtless. Okay, he probably would be back.Lena, who was that? Tell me?Lena realized that she was still holding the phone. Look, Molly, Ill have to call you back, okay? Well figure something out for Friday night.But, I have to make amends »Ill call you. Lena hung up and crawled out of bed. If she was quick she could wash her face and get some mascara on before Tucker got back. She started zooming around the room, naked, until she mat up someone watching her. There was a big bay intimationow that looked out on a wood crest instrument, and since her bedroom was on the second floor, it was like waking up in a tree house, but no one could maybe look in. She spun around and there, hanging from the gutter, was a giant fruit bat. And he was face at her no, not just looking at her, he was checking her out. She pulled the sheet off the bed and covered herself.Go eat your banana, she shouted at the bat. Roberto licked his chops.There had been a time, during his bong-rat years, when Theophilus Crowe would have stated, with unretentive reservation, that he did not like surprises, that he preferred routine over variety, predictability over uncertainty, the known over the unknown. Then, a few years ago, while working on Pine Coves last murder case, Theo had gotten to know and fallen in love with Molly Michon, the ex-scream queen of the B- plastic f ilm silver screen, and everything changed. He had broken one of the cardinal rules Never go to bed with anyone crazier than yourself and hed been loving life ever since.They had their little agreement, if he stayed off his drug (pot) shed stay on hers (antipsychotics), and thence shed have his unmuddled attention and hed further get the most pleasant aspects of the Warrior sister persona that Molly sometimes slipped into. Hed learned to delight in her play along and the occasional weirdness that she brought into his life.But last night had been too overmuch for him. Hed come through the door wanting, nay, needing to share his bizarre story about the blond man, with the only person who actually might believe him and not berate him for being a stone, and she had chosen that precise moment to overstep into hostile batshit mode. So, hed fallen off the wagon, and by the time he returned to their confine that night, he had smoked enough pot to ordinate a Rastafarian choir i n a coma.Thats not what the pot patch hed been emergence had been for. Not at all. Not like the old days, when he well-kept a small victory garden for personal use. No, the little forest of seven-foot sticky bud platforms that graced the edge of their lot on the ranch was purely a technical endeavor, albeit for the right reason. For love.Over the years, even as the panorama of ever returning to the movies became to a greater extent remote, Molly had continued to work out with her giant broadsword. Stripped to her underwear, or dressed in a sports bra and sweatpants, every day in the clearing in front of the cabin shed declare en garde to an imaginary partner and proceed to spin, leap, thrust, parry, hack, and slash herself breathless. beyond the fact that the ritual kept her incredibly fit, it made her euphoric, which, in turn, pleased Theo to no end. Hed even encouraged her to get involved in Nipponese kendo, and to little surprise, she was excellent at it, consistently win ning matches against opponents nearly twice her size.And indirectly, all this had led to Theos growing pot commercially for the first time in his life. Hed tried other means, but banks seemed more than a little reluctant to lend him nearly a half years salary in order to purchase a samurai sword. Well, not samurai precisely, but a Nipponese sword an ancient Japanese sword, made by the master swordmaker Hisakuni of Yamashiro in the late thirteenth century. Sixty thousand folded layers of high carbon steel, suddenly balanced, and razor sharp even eight hundred years later(prenominal). It was a tashi, a curved cavalry sword, eight-day and heavier than the traditional katanas used later by samurais in ground combat. Molly would appreciate the weight during her workouts, as its heft was closer to that of the theatrical broadsword shed brought with her as a legacy of her failed movie career. She would also appreciate that it was real, and Theo hoped that shed see that it was his w ay of saying that he love all the parts of her, even the Warrior Babe (he just liked friction up against some parts more than others). The tashi was now wrapped in velvet and hiding at the back of the top shelf of Theos closet, where he used to keep his bong collection.The money? Well, an old friend of Theos from the stoner days, a Big Sur grower now turned wholesaler, had been happy to advance Theo the money against his crop. It was supposed to have been a purely commercial venture get in, get out, and nobody gets hurt. But now Theo was wake up stoned for work for the first time in years, and interest a bad night, he could just sense that this wasnt going to be a good day.Then the call came in from Dale Pearsons girlfriend/married woman/whatever, and the descent into hell day started.Theo drowned his eyes in Visine and halt at Brines Bait, Tackle, and Fine Wines for a large coffee before he headed over to Lena Marquezs house in search of her ex-husband. While it was clear from the incident at the Thrifty-Mart on Monday, and a dozen earlier incidents, that their dislike for each other bordered on hatred, it hadnt stopped them from hooking up from time to time for some familiar post-divorce sex. Theo wouldnt have even known about it, shut Molly was good friends with Lena and women talked about that sort of thing.Lena lived in a small two-story Craftsman-style house on a half acre of pine forest that butted up to one of Pine Coves many ranches. It was more house than she would have been fitting to afford working as a property manager, but then, she had put up with Dale Pearson for five years of marriage, and for five years since, so it was the least she deserved, Theo thought. He liked the sound of his hiking boots on the porch as he walked to the front door, and he thought that he and Molly should build a porch on their little cabin. He thought they could maybe get a wind chime, and a swing, have a little heater so they could sit outside on cold evenings . Then he realized, as he felt that vibration of footsteps coming to the door, that he was totally and completely baked. That they would know he was baked. That no amount of Visine or coffee was going to cover the fact that he was baked. Twenty years of functioning stoned was not going to serve him now hed lost his edge, he was no longer in the game, the eye of the tiger was bloodshot. Hi, Theo, Lena said, opening the door. She wore a mans oversize sweatshirt and red socks. Her long black hair, which normally flowed big money her back like still satin, was all knotted up at the back of her head, and there was a big tangle sticking out by one ear. finish up hair.Theo shuffled on the porch like a kid getting ready to look at the girl next door for a first date. Im sorry to bicker you so early, but I wondered if youve seen Dale. Since Monday, I mean.She seemed to fade away(p)(p) from the door, like she was ready to faint. Theo was sure it was because she knew he was high. No, Theo. Why?Well, uh, Betsy called, and said that Dale didnt come home last night. Betsy was Dales new wife/girlfriend/whatever. She was a waitress down at H.P.s Cafe and over the years had become notorious for having affairs with a lot of married guys. I was just, uh Why wouldnt she interrupt him? He didnt want to say that he knew that she and Dale got together for spite sex occasionally. He wasnt supposed to know. so, uh, I was just wondering.Hi, whos this? said a blond guy who had appeared shirtless behind Lena in the doorway.Oh, thank God, Theo said, taking a deep breath. Im Theo Crowe, Im the town constable. He looked at Lena for an introduction.This is Tucker uh, Tuck.She had no idea what this guys last place was.Tucker Case, said Tucker Case, stepping around Lena and offering his hand to shake. I should have introduced myself to you sooner, I guess, since were in the same business.What business is that? Theo never thought of himself as being a businessman, but he guessed that he was now.Im firm helicopter for the DEA, said Tucker Case. You know, infrared, finding growers and stuff. take a leak His heart has stopped Code blue Five hundred milligrams of epinephrine, direct shot to the pericardium, stat Hes flatlining, people. ClearNice to meet you, Theo said, hoping his heart failure wasnt showing. Well, sorry to bother you. Ill just be on my way. He let go of Tucks hand and started walkway away, thinking Dont walk stoned, dont walk stoned for the love of God, how did I do this all of those years?Uh, Constable, Tuck said. Why was it that you stopped by? OuchTheo turned. Lena had just punched the pilot in the arm, evidently pretty hard he was massaging it.Uh, nothing. on the dot a fellow didnt go home last night, and I thought Lena might have an idea where he went. Theo was trying to back away from the house, but then stopped, remembering that he might trip on the porch steps. How would he explain that to the DEA?Last night? Thats not even a m issing person for, what, twenty-four, forty-eight hours? Ouch Dammit, thats not necessary. Tucker Case rubbed his elevate where Lena had punched him again.Theo thought that she might have violence issues with men.Lena looked at Theo and grinned, as if she was embarrass about the punch. Theo, Molly called me this morning and told me about Dale. I told her I hadnt seen him. Didnt she tell you?Sure. Sure, she told me. I just, you know, I thought you might have some ideas. I mean, your friend is right, Dales not really missing, officially, for another twelve hours or so, but, you know, its a small town, and I, you know, have a job and stuff.Thanks, Theo, Lena said, waving to him even though he was only a few feet away and wasnt moving away from the house. The pilot was waving, too, smiling. Theo didnt like being around new lovers who had just gotten laid, in particular when things werent going that well in his own love life. They seemed smug, even if they werent trying to be.He spott ed something dark swinging from the ceiling of the porch, right where the wind chime would have been on his and Mollys porch, if he hadnt just sacrificed their security by relapsing into dope-fiendism. It couldnt be what it looked like.So, thats a, uh, that looks like »A bat, said Lena.Holy fuck, Theo thought, that thing is huge. A bat, he said. Sure. Of course.Fruit bat, Tucker Case clarified. From Micronesia.Oh, right, Theo said. Micronesia was not a real place. The blond guy was fucking with him. Well, Ill see you guys. dupe you at Lonesome Christmas on Friday, Lena said. Say hi to Molly. Kay, Theo said, climbing into the Volvo.He closed the car door. They went inside. He let his head hit the head wheel.They know, he thought.He knows, Lena said, her back against the front door.He doesnt know.Hes smarter than he looks. He knows.He doesnt know. And he didnt look dumb, he looked kind of stoned.No, he wasnt stoned, that was suspicion.Dont you think if he was suspicious he mig ht have asked where you were last night?Well, he could see that, with you walking out there with your shirt off, and me looking so, you know so Satisfied?No, I was going to say disheveled. She punched his arm. Jeez, get over yourself.Ouch. That is completely out of line.Im in trouble here, Lena said. You can at least be supportive.Supportive? I helped you hide the body. In some countries that implies commitment.She wound up to punch him, then caught herself, but left her fist there in the air, just in case. You really dont think he was suspicious?He didnt even ask why you have a giant fruit bat hanging out on your porch. Hes oblivious. Just going through the motions.Why do I have a giant fruit bat hanging from the porch?Comes with the package. He grinned and walked away.Now she felt stupid, standing there, her fist in the air. She felt unenlightened, dense, silly, unevolved, all the things she thought only other people were. She followed him into the bedroom, where he was put ting on his shirt.Im sorry I hit you.He rubbed his bruised shoulder. You have tendencies. Should I hide your shovel?Thats a horrible thing to say. She almost punched him, but instead, trying to be more evolved, and less threatening, she put her arms around him. It was an accident.Release me. I have to go spot bad guys with my helicopter, he said, patting her on the bottom.Youre taking the bat with you, right?You dont want to hang out with him?No offense, but hes a little creepy.You have no idea, said Tuck.

Clinical Governance

Principles of clinical governanceWorking in a critical help department with a 150-bed capacity was challenging for me as aclinical nursing manager. One of the struggles was controlling the infection rate in thedepartment it is adopt to be minting and working to reduce the high rate so is non easy toachieve.For example, the report for one of the infraction control indicators showed that therate of central line-associated business line stream infection (CLABSI) was high. Clinical governance plays an of the essence(p) role in improving healthcare systems by enhancing and maintaining the continuity of the healthcare stomachd, creating an evidence-based framework for managing the healthcare provider, shade professional performance by providing scientific resources, and minimising the risk to the patient.It is also important to guarantee patient satisfaction (Kapur, 2009).Working with the clinical governance department fill to the idea for reducing the high rate of CLABSI by u sing bundles to superintend staff segments during insertion of the central line and to make sure that is the blood instruction with the clean producer. The care bundles are providing the evidence based interventions by collecting the interventions in one protocol, that will help to get an pure outcome (Fulbrook & Mooney, 2003).The result of implementing bundles was excellent, and the rate of CLABSI went down by 50% in the first month, and within three months the rate had dropped by more than 80%. Staff role in ensuring woodland and safetythe quality of the nurses work and safety of patients is essential toproviding excellent care to patients. nurses are the major part of health care providers andit is essential that they take care of preventing medical exam errors and maintain patient safety.The clinical manager has the role to ensure that bundles were decent implemented and supervised by using one staff member in each shift to check the bundles to verify that all of the health care providers were committed to the bundles instructions. This helped to ensure consistency in the quality of care provided to the patients.(Barbara et al., 2014) Empowering consumersempowering nurses to take a more active role in their healthcare experience basinlead to providing better healthcare.I believe that requiring continuing education allows thenurses to make better their expertise. Furthermore, having nurses share their knowledge isimportant because it helps them to become role models. Nurses must belief in their value andmake sure they apply what they belief in realty to provide better care for patients.Also,creating a positive communication environment is critical to improving the relationshipbetween patients and nurses, which is reflected in the healthcare outcome. Improving thepersonal central can view a significant impact on delivering excellent healthcare.The prerequisites for a professional nurse focus on the nurses attributes and include universeprofe ssionally competent, having developed interpersonal skills, being committed to the job,being able to demonstrate clarity of beliefs and values, and knowing oneself (Tanya V.McCance, 2006).The empowerment is or so successful when it is internal, ratherthan external. Therefore, nursing students must be taught how to empower themselves a supported. Empowering nurses can lead to promote health care and that will reflect in patient health.

Impact of Library on Students Achievement

THE IMPACT OF LIBRARIES ON STUDENTS ACHIEVEMENT Presented to the ability of the De expoundment of management sciences IQRA University Gulshan C adenineus In the fulfillment of the course Writing question Report BBA Morning Program Submitted to Dr. Imran Khan By Faiza Salam (6067) Spring (2013) add-in of Contents summary 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Background to the train 1. 2 Statement of problem .. 1. 3 Objective of the interpretation 1. 4 interrogation Questions 1. Signifi tidy sumce of the vignette 1. 6 Limitations and delimitation of the believe .. . 1. 7 Review of related lit epochture . 1. 8 research Methodology . 1. 9 Sampling Technique . 1. 10 Research Instruments 1. 11 Instruments Reliability 1. 12 Ethical considerateness 1. 13 Research action .. 1. 14 Data Analysis and Statistical Tools 1. 5 Findings .. 1. 16 intervention .. 1. 17 Recommendations based on findings . 1. 18 Recommendations for future findings .. 1. 19 final stage References Appendices T he force of depository library on Students Achievement Abstract Keywords program subroutine program library, field of operation, education, facilities, computers, achievement, naturalize-age childs 1. 0 Introduction This interrogation is about The tinct of library on learners achievement.To mean solar day libraries argon essential for the take, colleges, and universities beca function it has much than extend to on the savants achievement. Now students be visualiseing to a greater extent leave behindingness to appeal to a greater extent entropy which is helpful or useful for the students in their achievement. In this instruction or providing to a greater extent libraries in the institutions is also enhancing the students and instructors. By, get more valid tuition related to a subject which helps the students to be more confident about their works. In this earthly concern can give more cartridge holder in getting issueledge.In library, thither ar adequa te books, magazines, CDs which are very supportive in collecting information and computers in library are very essential deduct of library because of as per imp all everywhereishment and requirement of the students. 1. 1 Background to the instruct It has been said that books are the friends of a person. They erect to the meditateer with in cleverness knowledge and polishes his being. This interrogation study is providing an overview or evidence that how libraries support students training and findings based on the quantitative students survey responses. Historically, public libraries beat a strong tradition in Anglo-American societies.Libraries were first introduced in North American societies. And now libraries are the essential part of roughly(prenominal) society or any institute. Todd and kuhlthau describe that the study on the carry on of library on students achievement is the duplication of the get together States study in 2003, students through Ohio school librar ies, and this research is conducted by the philia for international scholarship in school libraries at Rutgers, The state university of refreshed Jersey (as cited in Lyn Hay, 2004). In recent years a bang-up deal of activity in libraries has been dedicated to design, implementation and breakment of the library.Many of the library providing to the students online attack catalogs (OPACs). It is also providing access to the internet journals belongings and enable outside user to decide that which journals are hold by the library and what are the search engines (Moore, 2000). Furthermore, any library program in which if there is sufficient staff, bounteous re microbes and adequately equipped so, in this way students can easily access to the achievement in spite of socioeconomic and education levels of community (school libraries work 2004, p. 6). Library history was an accepted chastisement at library in every developed country. Now days with the rearment of the information te chnology public can easily access to whatever they want related to their subject. People were rarely attending the library, some prison term facilitators or professors became the mean of information regardless of the library. Many of the authors has already been done in researching the history of the library but there is abundance of scope for more (Harrison, why library history? )In additional, in this era library is the essential part of any institution because people are utilise to searching in a peaceful environment and where is the enough verities of books, magazines, articles and a lot of worldwide knowledge. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem intimately likely, students are interested in the unconditional learning environment that supports students learning. Libraries are acting almost master(prenominal) role in the achievement of the student. Gradually, student success is in the achieving a good grades and library many cartridge holder help a student for borrowing a boo ks and related items.The verifying and peaceful environment of the library attracts the learners attention towards achievement. We need to know that how library is satisfying a good role in students performance and success. 1. 3 Objective of the excogitate The quarry of my research sound projection is to find out the impact of library on the students achievement and how students are getting the library as a useful and helpful for them in achieving their targeted goal or to know the students interest and extra recitation habit. Through this study we can determine the pointor which helps good reader and poor reader. 1. 4 Research Questions i) In the perception of students what role libraries plays in schoolman and well-disposed life? (ii) How the libraries are helpful in acquiring command over knowledge and implementing in practical life? 1. 5 Significance of the Study The significance of the study is to examine the splendour of library in institutions for the students in th eir success. This study determine the students perception about the libraries impressiveness and it is also help to chthonian stem that in recent years library has become very infallible for students in aspect of providing facilities, valid information and sufficient knowledge related to any subject.As more time is exhausted in using internet and social gathering students have no more extra interlingual rendition habits. 1. 6 Limitations and Delimitations of the Study This study is peculiar(a) to the students of universities in Karachi. The limited respondents of the research are about 45 almost. This study is restricted to complete in a given time period. This is an academic research only. 1. 7 Related to Literature Review The recap is taking on the behalf of previous research of Australian school library Association. It was conducted in time period of four weeks November and December 2004.This study was about the kin between libraries and students achievement. Williams an d Wavell stated that some netherstanding is necessary to express the value of school library, this review also demonstrate the received findings and consequences (Chan, 2008). In the previous researches this study shows the positive relationship between school libraries and students academic achievement. It is the fact that so many studies, in surroundings thousands of schools and universities are providing a persuasive evidence for the value of libraries (Cahn, 2008).In the get together sates the Australian librarian becomes a library media specialist and in England and Scotland, the traditionally role of librarian does non include. Reynolds and Carroll (2001) stated that a librarian is a specialist in a special class room, who needs to be very experienced and expert and must have specialist teacher librarianship training. The term specialist, library teacher or library professional is used to avoid the confusion or determine the staff of the library (as cited in Lonsdale, 2003 ).According to the fling (2001a), Lance nonice that Alaska is the first study that verifies the importance of the library teacher as a teacher of information, literacy and their impact on the students achievement (as cited in Lonsdale, 2003). This study is so far conducted to show the benefits of the school libraries where the students have positive and involved environment for increasing the reading habits and getting the most possible benefits closest to their achievement by canvass the results of those schools where libraries are non-existence.Since 2000, ten major studies (in Alaska, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Texas, Oregon, Massachu fit outts, Scotland, Michigan, Iowa and New Mexico) have observed the positive impact of libraries on students achievement. Particularly, the great part of the research has been taken in the united sates (Lonsdale, 2003). The authors of Colorado study applied their methodological analysis across different states of USA. In a study performed in Ala ska, it was put up that librarians are the information empowered, because librarians are playing three roles they are teachers, information specialist and administrators who motivated or empowers the students and others teachers to gather the more and more information and meet academic achievement (Lance, Hamilton-Pennell & Rodney, 1999). Furthermore, libraries are playing most eventful role in providing the broad range of reading resources and for those students who cannot afford to buy sensitive reading materials day by day and for those parents who cannot provide their children such range of reading materials.Libraries are without any nonrecreational or free of cost facilitating those who have strong reading habits. If literacy is not outrankd in the perfect structure and if newly obtained literacy skills will not frequently used and improved, so there are more panoramas that literacy skills can b convert in illiteracy in this way the huge participation in educational in stitutes will be wasted.Singh (2003) points out the importance of the library in the literacy level and achievement of students most of the libraries are not providing support to the neo literate, unless they are provided the efficient support to provide to the readers an effective reading materials otherwise they may again fall in the course of study of illiterates. Library is playing a vital role in providing learning and reading materials (Singh, 2003) Obviously, it is much better to have a single set of books in a classroom rather than to have nothing.In order to improve or to enhance the reading habit among students, for this they must have to provide a wide range of attractive reading materials. These needs should b changed time to time to keep the interest of the students. Alternatives models should b designed to enhance the library based resources. Library models that provide verities of books are very customary among the students. According to Krolak, libraries are the p erfect place that provides to students an effective and attractive environment. They have easy access to the run their needs related to reading habits.A lucky library has number of books, newspaper, audio and videos, magazines etc. Mostly libraries are centrally located and easily accessible by the students and general public. Libraries are the place which provides very friendly and peaceful environment, with work oriented and all the time available with qualified staff. Some students have bad memories of schools and have electronegative attitude towards study. They are encouraged to come libraries and enjoy the non-reading activities to watch videos and to yoke the discussion groups, it would be the first step to back to the study (Krolak, 2005).Moreover, Lance et al. (1999) using three analytical techniques i. e. cross tabulation, comparison of means, correlativity. Library media program are characterized as a predictor of academic achievement. It is also examined that great power be in send out effect on academic achievement. After evaluating the direct and indirect effects of librarians on students academic achievement. Perhaps, the outstanding factor that affects the impact of libraries on students achievement is correlation of the libraries and librarian that is explosion of the information. Particularly, this relationship is based on digital resources.If there would be a quality of digital or media resources students or general public can be more interested in study, or this much information would be available on internet in this way the role of library even become more important than in the past (Lonsdale, 2003) Henri (1999) described the term information literature school communities as an admittedly unclear collection of the factors, attributes, goals are necessary in an environment in which focus is on the learning and that unclearness is due to the complexness of school communities and developing the nature of literacy information.As a result , it is most likely that literacy information cannot be concise because it is more like a large version. This has implication on the development programs (as cited in Moore). In addition, libraries are being most important in terms of supporting literacy and they may also play a role in the development of the society. It is stated that The granting immunity to read is essential in our countrys democracy. But it is continuously under pressure and for this private sectors and public authorities are doing many efforts to removing the barriers in the reading society or to abate the limit access to reading materials.To increase or edit the contents in schools to label the moot views, to make the list of the most important books and authors and to clean the libraries. Then, some actions evidently rise from a view that these efforts are not valid that the alter and containment are needed to counter the threats to safely or national security, to remove the rebellion of the politics and corruption of ethics. We as individual need to stand up for this and as librarian and publishers it is the responsibility that they need to come up with the new and disseminating ideas.And they wish to declare the public interest in preserving the freedom to read. (Alabamas school library media handbook for the 21st ampere-second learner, office 1, p. 3) Moreover, libraries are more essential 1. 8 Research Methodology in that respect are deuce kinds of methodology, one is quantitative and other is qualitative. Quantitative or qualitative research selection determines the method is to be applied to psychoanalyze data (Dawson, 2002). in this study, quantitative methodology will be use because it will collect, analyze and interpret data by recording statistical data.This study will conducted in over Karachi through the questionnaire survey and the amaze is to make specific from generalization based on study of a couple of(prenominal) variables those will b examined through close d-ended questionnaire. Those outcomes will be explored, analyzed and sight after identification of the factors from researches. 1. 9 Sampling Technique Sampling is an important element to consider with respect of time saving with tight deadlines to meet. As there are few people involved in this study so the data can be organized in so suitable and manageable way.Results will be available quickly as sample is relatively small. Selection of sample involves deciding which technique is fascinate in order to select more good. Mainly, there are two basic sampling techniques which are sampling technique and non-luck technique. In probability sampling technique each member of population has equal chance of selection. On the other hand, non-probability defines that the selection is unknown. In this study, non-probability technique is using and under non-probability technique convenience sampling is considered and 50 respondents participated in the survey. . 10 Research Instrument Data coll ection through questionnaire has advantages to some extent over other methods. As this study is based on quantitative methodology so the instrument will must n questionnaire. Questionnaire can manufacture in three types i. e. open-ended, closed-ended and mixture of both (Dawson, 2002). Questionnaire is consisting on set of statements against respondents were asked to crown of thorns only one option. 1. 11 Instruments Reliability 1. 12 Ethical Consideration In any research, most importance and consideration is given to ethics.In formation of questionnaire, care was taken to ensure that question that asked were ingenuous and straightforward. As far as possible, ambiguity of question asked were avoided. Questions that required more clarity were so modified to provide simple and precise meaning. The respondents should be must participate voluntary and all the respondents have right to look at from study anytime and no researcher is allowed to force their respondent to participate. I mpact of Library on Students Achievement Dear Respondent,I am conducting a research on The Impact of Library on Students Achievement. It will be a great support for me if you could spend fifteen proceedings in filling out this questionnaire, which is based on 15 questions. beguile help by kindly respond to this questionnaire as accurately as possible. The information gathered will be used for academic research only. Thank you for your time to complete the questionnaire. Your participation will be kept confidential. A Demographic Profile ( entertain tick v one that leave to you) 1. What is your age? . Under 20 b. 20-23 c. 24-27 d. 28-31 e. 32-35 f. Over 36 2. What is your gender? a. male person b. Female 3. What is your profession? a. Student b. Professional/Business c. Unemployed d. Others 4. Which part of country do you live? a. Urban b. Rural B please rate the importance of the following consideration 5 points Likert scale. Where 1= powerfully disagree 2=disagree 3=agree 4=st rongly agree Sr. No Items Strongly Disagree Disagree break Strongly Agree 1 The library has helped me to learn more fact about my topic. 2 The library has helped me workout the main ideas I bring in library. 3 The information I have found in library has helped me become more interested in my topic. 4 The information in the library has helped me decide what I need to do new with my topic. 5 The library has helped me to know how to use different kind of source like magazines computer CDs. 6 The library has helped me to talk more in the class discussion. 7 The library has helped me to think harder about my project assignment. 8 Things I have learnt in library have helped me study at home. 9 The library has helped me when I do not date something. 10 The library has helped me when I have personal concern and issues. 11 The library has helped me to get better grades in quizzes and exams. 12 The library has helped me sprightliness mo re confident about my topic. 13 The library has helped me feel more confident for asking assistance. 14 The library has helped me more interested in computers. 15 The library has helped me get more organized with my ideas. Adapted from Hay, L. (2004). Impact of library on students achievement. Synergy 3(4). Thank you for your time and co-operation References Alabamas school library media handbook for the 21st century learner, Accessed at http//alex. state. al. us/librarymedia/Library%20Media%20Handbook. pdf Chan, 2008, the impact of school library services on students achievement and the implications for advocacy A review of the literature, Hong Kong Baptist University, email&160protected du. hk , Accessed at <http//repository. hkbu. edu. hk/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1004&context=lib ja Dawson, D. C. (2002), Practical Research Method, United Kingdom, How Books ltd. Harrison, why library history? Accesses at http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? ar ticleid=859354 L. krolak, 2005, the role of librarians in literate environment, Accessed at http//www. ifla. orgwww. ifla. org/files/assets/literacy-and-reading/publications/role-of-libraries-in-creation-of-literate-environments. pdf Lance, H. pennell & M.J. Rodney, 1999, the school librarian as an doer of academic achievement in Alaska school, Information empowered, Accessed at http//www. library. state. ak. us/pdf/anc/infoemxs. pdf Lonsdale, impact of school library on student achievement, a review of the research, Accessed at http//www. asla. org. au/site/defaultsite/filesystem/documents/research. pdf S. Singh, 2003, Library and literacy movement for national development, Accessed at http//books. google. com. pk/books? id=JmmeWL_9hqAC&printsec=frontcoverv=onepage&q&f=false